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Plant Disease Management > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Blackleg pathogen

A

leptospheria maculans - fungi

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2
Q

Blackleg hosts

A
  1. canola

2. cabbage, turnip, cauliflower

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3
Q

How common is seed infection from blackleg?

A

not very, but still a concern for international markets

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4
Q

resistance and susceptibility to disease (polish & argentine) to blackleg

A

polish - susceptible

Argentine - moderatley susceptible to resistant

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5
Q

asexual or sexual - blackleg

A

both

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6
Q

Disease cycle - blackleg

A
  1. sexual spores are produced on canola trash inside pseudothecia
  2. spores are released throughout growing season - airborne (long distance)
  3. asexual spores from pycnidia
  4. requires splashing in rain
  5. short distance
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7
Q

Control of blackleg

A
  1. 3-4 year rotation
  2. tillage
  3. pathogen free seed
  4. fungicides - elimination
  5. Genetic resistance
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8
Q

Signs of white rust

A

white, powdery pustules

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9
Q

symptoms of white rust

A

stagheads

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10
Q

obligate parasitic fungus

A

must have live host

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11
Q

pathogen of verticillium

A

verticillium longisporum

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12
Q

Symptoms of verticillium

A

black vertical stripes on stems

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13
Q

signs of verticillium

A

microsclerotia inside the stem later in season

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14
Q

is sclerotinia sexual or asexual?

A

sexual

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15
Q

non hosts of sclerotinia

A

corn, cereals

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16
Q

signs of sclerotinia

A

apothecia on ground

sclerotia in stem

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17
Q

symptoms sclerotinia

A
  1. stem rot
  2. lesions on leaves and stems
  3. bleached stems
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18
Q

sclerotinia pathogen

A

sclerotinia sclerotiorum - fungi

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19
Q

control of sclerotinia

A
  1. rotation
  2. resistance
  3. weed control
  4. certified seed
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20
Q

Biotic agents

A

living

- fungi, bacteria, viruses, phytoplasma, nematodes, insects

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21
Q

Abiotic agents

A
  1. unfavorable weather
  2. nutrient deficiencies
  3. toxic chemicals and pollutants
  4. genetic abnormalities
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22
Q

Biotic diseases

A
  1. bacteria
  2. fungi
  3. viruses
  4. nematodes
  5. phytoplasma
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23
Q

What is a sign?

A

visable precense of the pathogen

eg. fruiting bodys, mycelia

24
Q

What is a symptom?

A

physical expression of a change in the appearance and function of a plant

25
Q

pathogen

A

an agent that causes disease or illness to its host

26
Q

disease development is influenced by:

A
  1. environmental factors
  2. rate of pathogen reproduction
  3. mode of pathogen dispersal
  4. level of pathogen agressiveness
  5. level of host plant resistance
  6. external intervention - fungicides
27
Q

Disease can be categorized by:

A
  1. Pathogen type
  2. symptom type
  3. epidemiological progress
  4. timing of disease occurrence
28
Q

Fungi

A
  1. multi cellular (eukaryotic)
  2. sexual or asexual
  3. lack chlorophyll
  4. non vascular
29
Q

disease triangle

A
  1. pathogen
  2. host
  3. favorable environment
  4. time
30
Q

nematodes

A

microscopic worms

31
Q

Phytoplasmas

A

require vectors - leafhoppers, equipment

32
Q

viruses

A

dependant on living hosts and vectors (obligate)

33
Q

Bacteria

A
  1. single cellular organisms

2. multiply rapidly

34
Q

mycelium

A

vegetative body

branches called hyphae

35
Q

Deuteromycetes

A

Imperfect because they do not seem to have a sexual phase

36
Q

Infection process

A
  1. production of inoculum
  2. pre-penetration
  3. attachment of pathogen to host
  4. recogition between host and pathogen
  5. penetration
  6. infection
37
Q

Inoculum

A

Pathogen or its parts capable of causing infection when transferred to a favorable location

spores, mycelium, sclerotia etc.

38
Q

Penetration of host

A
  1. direct - fungi, netmatodes
  2. through wounds - fungi, bacteria, viruses
  3. though natural openings - fungi, bacteria
39
Q

infection

A

pathogen established contact with susceptible cells/tissues and gets nutrients from them

  1. invasion
  2. growth and reproduction
40
Q

6 Principles of disease control

A
  1. avoidance
  2. exclusion
  3. eradication
  4. protection
  5. resistance
  6. therapy
41
Q

Avoidance

A
  1. planting date
  2. planting area
  3. seed used
42
Q

Exclusion

A
  1. Quarantine
  2. Crop certification
  3. Chemical treatments
43
Q

Eradication

A
  1. crop rotation
  2. removal & destruction of disease
  3. heat or chemical treatments
  4. soil treatments
  5. biological control
44
Q

Protection

45
Q

Resistance

A

heritable trait

46
Q

Therapy

A
  1. heat

2. chemicals

47
Q

Fungal diseases in potatoes

A
  1. Late Blight
  2. Early blight
  3. Rhizoctonia black scurf
  4. sliver scurf
  5. powdery scab
  6. verticillium wilt
  7. pink rot
  8. white mold
48
Q

Bacterial diseases in potatoes

A
  1. blackleg
  2. bacterial ring rot
  3. scab
  4. bacterial wilt
49
Q

Disease control in potatoes

A
  1. sanitation
  2. rotation
  3. fertility
  4. clean seed
  5. resistant varieties
  6. seed treatments
  7. fungicides
  8. storage management
50
Q

Clubroot pathogen

A

Plasmodiophora brassicae

51
Q

Life cycle of clubroot

A

long living spores (4 year half life)

52
Q

symptoms of clubroot

A
  1. whitish stems
  2. decaying galls
  3. premature ripening
  4. shrivelled seeds
  5. wilting, stunting, yellowing
53
Q

Casual agent of clubroot

A

phytoplasma - not a fungus, not a bacterium

54
Q

Optimal clubroot conditions

A
  1. warm, acid soils
55
Q

Clubroot control

A
  1. resistant hybrids
  2. 1:4 rotation
  3. control crucifer weeds
  4. sanitation
  5. 0 till
  6. scout
  7. biosecurity
  8. early ID

Plant Disease Management (11 decks)

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