Midterm 1 Flashcards
DEFINING MOTOR SKILL
MOTOR SKILL: The ability to bring about some end result with _____ ______ and _____ energy or time
Maximum
Certainty
Minimum
KEY “FEATURES” OR “OBJECTIVES” OF MOTOR SKILL:
- ______ certainty of goal _______ (reliably execute)
- _______ energy costs of _______ (physical and mental)
- ______ the time used
Maximize Achievement Minimize Performance Minimize
3 CRITICAL COMPONENTS OF A MOTOR SKILL:
- ________ relevant ______ features
- Deciding what to do and _____ and _____ to do it to _____ goal
- Producing organized muscular activity to ______ movement and achieve goal
Perceiving Environmental Where When Achieve Generate
CLASSIFYING SKILLS
OPEN LOOP SKILL: Environment is ______ and unpredictable during action
CLOSED LOOP SKILL: Environment is _______ and predictable during action
Variable
Stable
CLASSIFYING SKILLS
DISCRETE SKILL: Typically ____ actions, well defined beginning and end
SERIAL SKILL: Composed of several _____ skills strung together
CONTINUOUS SKILL: Repetitive or ______, with no beginning and end
Brief
Discrete
Cyclical
ASSESSING DISCRETE SKILLS
ACCURACY: How close on is to the ____ value or goal (bias)
PRECISION: How repeatable or ______ one is (variability)
True
Reproducible
MOTOR PROGRAM THEORY
MOTOR PROGRAM: A set of motor commands that defines the essential details of a movement, with minimal (or no) __________ of sensory _______
MOTOR PROGRAM COULD DETERMINE: muscles to use; _____ of muscle activations; _____ of muscle contractions; etc.
Involvement
Feedback
Order
Force
MOTOR PROGRAM THEORY
GENERALIZED MOTOR PROGRAM: A motor program whose output can vary along certain dimensions to produce novelty and ______ in movement (defines pattern of movement, rather than specific movement)
Generalization
VARIANT FEATURES (aka “surface features”): Input parameters to a generalized motor program that can change can include:
- Speed of movement (_____ _____)
- Movement ________
- Effectors (____ and muscles used)
INVARIANT FEATURES: Input or output parameters of a generalized motor program that ____ ___ change
EVIDENCE (WRITING)
Similar shaped profiles (invariant features) despite different limbs and muscles (variant features)
Movement Time
Amplitude
Limbs
Do Not
CRITICS OF THE GENERALIZED MOTOR PROGRAM
DYNAMICAL SYSTEM THEORY: Stereotyped similarities of movement patterns are not represented in motor programs, but rather emerge _____ due to the complex mechanics of the person and _______ (ROBOT WALKING AND DEAD FISH SWIMMING)
Naturally
Environment
SPEED-ACCURACY TRADEOFF
Movements can be made quickly at the cost of ______ or accurately at the cost of ____
FITT’S LAW: Predictive model of the tradeoff between accuracy and speed in human reaching. Discovered the relationship between movement _____, _____ and movement time.
MT = MOVEMENT TIME A = MOVEMENT AMPLITUDE W = TARGET WIDTH a = SLOPE b = Y-INTERCEPT
Accuracy
Speed
Amplitude
Accuracy
FITT’S LAW is _____
Y-INTERCEPT = ______ _____
Linear
Reaction Time
WHAT EXPLAINS FITT’S LAW
ODERLY RECRUITMENT OF MOTOR UNITS (AKA HENNEMAN’S SIZE PRINCIPLE): Smallest motor units _____ _____, then larger (____ to ____ twitch)
Recruited
First
Slow
Fast
SENSORIMOTOR TRANSFORMATIONS
The brain transforms sensory inputs into motor outputs (commands) through _________ ________
SENSORIMOTOR TRANSFORMATIONS CAN BE
SIMPLE
I.e. tendon-jerk reflex, sensory inputs cause motor output ______, without intervention of high brain _____
COMPLEX
I.e. voluntary reaching movement, requires _____ sensorimotor transformations
Sensorimotor Transformations
Directly
Centers
Multistage
INPUTS TO A “COMPLEX” SENSORIMOTOR TRANSFORMATION
SENSORY INPUTS INCLUDE
EXTRINSIC INFORMATION about the state of the world (i.e. spatial location of target via _____ or _____)
INTRINSIC INFORMATION about the state of our body (i.e. kinematic and kinetic information about our body)
KINEMATIC INFORMATION: Position, ______, ______ of the body, without reference to the forces that cause them
KINETIC INFORMATION: Forces ______ or ______ by our body
Visual Auditory Velocity Acceleration Generated Experienced
