Midterm 1 Flashcards
DEFINING MOTOR SKILL
MOTOR SKILL: The ability to bring about some end result with _____ ______ and _____ energy or time
Maximum
Certainty
Minimum
KEY “FEATURES” OR “OBJECTIVES” OF MOTOR SKILL:
- ______ certainty of goal _______ (reliably execute)
- _______ energy costs of _______ (physical and mental)
- ______ the time used
Maximize Achievement Minimize Performance Minimize
3 CRITICAL COMPONENTS OF A MOTOR SKILL:
- ________ relevant ______ features
- Deciding what to do and _____ and _____ to do it to _____ goal
- Producing organized muscular activity to ______ movement and achieve goal
Perceiving Environmental Where When Achieve Generate
CLASSIFYING SKILLS
OPEN LOOP SKILL: Environment is ______ and unpredictable during action
CLOSED LOOP SKILL: Environment is _______ and predictable during action
Variable
Stable
CLASSIFYING SKILLS
DISCRETE SKILL: Typically ____ actions, well defined beginning and end
SERIAL SKILL: Composed of several _____ skills strung together
CONTINUOUS SKILL: Repetitive or ______, with no beginning and end
Brief
Discrete
Cyclical
ASSESSING DISCRETE SKILLS
ACCURACY: How close on is to the ____ value or goal (bias)
PRECISION: How repeatable or ______ one is (variability)
True
Reproducible
MOTOR PROGRAM THEORY
MOTOR PROGRAM: A set of motor commands that defines the essential details of a movement, with minimal (or no) __________ of sensory _______
MOTOR PROGRAM COULD DETERMINE: muscles to use; _____ of muscle activations; _____ of muscle contractions; etc.
Involvement
Feedback
Order
Force
MOTOR PROGRAM THEORY
GENERALIZED MOTOR PROGRAM: A motor program whose output can vary along certain dimensions to produce novelty and ______ in movement (defines pattern of movement, rather than specific movement)
Generalization
VARIANT FEATURES (aka “surface features”): Input parameters to a generalized motor program that can change can include:
- Speed of movement (_____ _____)
- Movement ________
- Effectors (____ and muscles used)
INVARIANT FEATURES: Input or output parameters of a generalized motor program that ____ ___ change
EVIDENCE (WRITING)
Similar shaped profiles (invariant features) despite different limbs and muscles (variant features)
Movement Time
Amplitude
Limbs
Do Not
CRITICS OF THE GENERALIZED MOTOR PROGRAM
DYNAMICAL SYSTEM THEORY: Stereotyped similarities of movement patterns are not represented in motor programs, but rather emerge _____ due to the complex mechanics of the person and _______ (ROBOT WALKING AND DEAD FISH SWIMMING)
Naturally
Environment
SPEED-ACCURACY TRADEOFF
Movements can be made quickly at the cost of ______ or accurately at the cost of ____
FITT’S LAW: Predictive model of the tradeoff between accuracy and speed in human reaching. Discovered the relationship between movement _____, _____ and movement time.
MT = MOVEMENT TIME A = MOVEMENT AMPLITUDE W = TARGET WIDTH a = SLOPE b = Y-INTERCEPT
Accuracy
Speed
Amplitude
Accuracy
FITT’S LAW is _____
Y-INTERCEPT = ______ _____
Linear
Reaction Time
WHAT EXPLAINS FITT’S LAW
ODERLY RECRUITMENT OF MOTOR UNITS (AKA HENNEMAN’S SIZE PRINCIPLE): Smallest motor units _____ _____, then larger (____ to ____ twitch)
Recruited
First
Slow
Fast
SENSORIMOTOR TRANSFORMATIONS
The brain transforms sensory inputs into motor outputs (commands) through _________ ________
SENSORIMOTOR TRANSFORMATIONS CAN BE
SIMPLE
I.e. tendon-jerk reflex, sensory inputs cause motor output ______, without intervention of high brain _____
COMPLEX
I.e. voluntary reaching movement, requires _____ sensorimotor transformations
Sensorimotor Transformations
Directly
Centers
Multistage
INPUTS TO A “COMPLEX” SENSORIMOTOR TRANSFORMATION
SENSORY INPUTS INCLUDE
EXTRINSIC INFORMATION about the state of the world (i.e. spatial location of target via _____ or _____)
INTRINSIC INFORMATION about the state of our body (i.e. kinematic and kinetic information about our body)
KINEMATIC INFORMATION: Position, ______, ______ of the body, without reference to the forces that cause them
KINETIC INFORMATION: Forces ______ or ______ by our body
Visual Auditory Velocity Acceleration Generated Experienced
STAGES OF A “COMPLEX” SENSORIMOTOR TRANSFORMATION
- LOCATED TARGET AND END-EFFECTOR (cup and hand): Localized in space relative to some ____ of the ____ like head or arm (egocentric space)
- PLAN END-EFFECTOR TRAJECTORY (hand path): Determine ______ and ______ the end-effector must move to target
- INVERSE KINEMATIC TRANSFORMATION: Calculate the ___ trajectories that will achieve the desired end effector ____
- INVERSE DYNAMIC TRANSFORMATION: Calculate the set of joint _____ or muscle activities that will achieve the desired joint _____
Part Body Direction Distance Joint Trajectory Torques Trajectories
INTERNAL MODELS
INTERNAL MODEL: Internal representations or “neural maps/circuits” of the relationship between sensorimotor ____ and _____
INVERSE INTERNAL MODEL: Calculates motor ____ from ____ inputs
FORWARD INTERNAL MODEL: Calculates _____ inputs from motor ___
EFFERENCE COPY: Copy of descending motor command passed to forward model that acts as a neural stimulator of the musculoskeletal system moving in the ______
Inputs Outputs Outputs Sensory Sensory Outputs Environment
WHAT CAUSES ERRORS IN MOVEMENTS
SENSORY NOISE (on input side) Limits accuracy with which we can estimate location of target and limb (how near the estimate is to the _____ _____), and limits precision (how accurate the estimate is when _____)
MOTOR NOISE (on output side): Limits the accuracy and precision with which we _______ our muscles
INACCURACIES IN INTERNAL MODELS: Errors can also arise from inaccuracies in internal models that compute sensorimotor ________
True Value
Repeated
Contract
Transformations
FEEDFORWARD CONTROL
It does not used _______ feedback
Sensory
FEEDBACK CONTROL
Uses ______ feedback to correct movements
Sensory
TYPES OF FEEDBACK CONTROL
BAND-BANG CONTROL
If e <=0: Furnace ___
If e >0: Furnace ___
Off
On
STAGES OF MOVEMENT PLANNING
- STIMULUS IDENTIFICATION (perception): Stimulus is recognized and identified. A sensory stage, where analyzing environmental info (i.e. from vision, audition, touch, kinethesis, smell) “assemble” this info, _____ a representation of stimulus
- RESPONSE SECTION (decision): Selecting what response to take (i.e. pass vehicle, slow down, avoidance maneuver). Transition between Sensory ____ and movement _____
- MOVEMENT PROGRAMMING STAGE (action): Preparing the motor system to generate the desired response (retrieve and organize a motor program)
Output
Input
Output
NUMBER OF STIMULUS-RESPONSE ALTERNATIVES
SIMPLE REACTION TIME: A reaction-time situation in which there is only one possible _____ and one possible ______ (start sprinting)
CHOICE REACTION TIME: A reaction-time situation in which there is multiple possible ______ and _______ possible responses (in a car and see an animal)
HICK’S LAW: Predictive model of relationship between choice reaction tine and ______ of stimulus-response alternatives
RT=Reaction time N=S-R alternatives a=slope b=y-intercept As Log2(N) goes up by 1, N doubles
Stimulus Response Stimulus Multiple Number
CENTRAL RESOURCE CAPACITY THEORY: One central source of attentional resources, for which all all activities ________
Compete
MULTIPLE RESOURCE CAPACITY THEORY: Several resources for attention, each source has a _____ capacity
Limited
ATTENTION IN STIMULUS IDENTIFICATION
PARALLEL PROCESSING: 2 streams of information enter system at the same time and are processed _______ if not, can complete for resources
INATTENTION BLINDNESS: Fail to perceive _____
SUSTAINED ATTENTION: Attention can wain with ________
Separately
Stimuli
Time
ATTENTION IN RESPONSE SELECTION
AUTOMATIC PROCESSING: Open loop, fast, automatic, low attentional demands, unconscious performance, “expert”
CONTROLLED PROCESSING: Closed loop, slow, deliberate, high attentional ______, conscious performance “novice”
Demands
PERSPECTIVES ON SENSATIONS
SENSORY PHYSIOLOGY: Examines the neural consequences of a stimulus - how the stimulus is transducer by sensory _______ and ______ by the brain
PSYCHOPHYSICS: Relates the physical properties of stimuli to sensations
Receptors
Processed
PSYCHOPHYSICAL LAWS OF PERCEPTION
STEVEN’S LAW: Relationship between stimulus strength and the intensity of the sensation received by the subject
S=Stimulus Strength
I=Intensity of the Sensation
S0= threshold amplitude of the stimulus (lowest stimuli that can be _______ defected)
Determining the “stimulus threshold” is not all or none
PSYCHOMETRIC FUNCTION: Defines the relationship between the amplitude of stimuli and probability of _______ by the person
Often threshold amplitude of the stimulus (S0) is set at ____% detection
Reliably
Detection
50
SENSORY CODING
Sensory firing rates encode stimulus ______ and ______
SLOWLY ADAPTING: Responds as long as pressure is applied to skin (firing rate is proportional to magnitude of pressure)
RAPIDLY ADAPTING: Responds mainly when pressure is applied and removed (firing rate proportional to the rate at which pressure is applied)
Magnitude
Timing
SOMATOSENSORY
EXTEROCEPTION: Sense I’d direct interaction with the external world as it impacts the body (______ sensors)
PROPRIOCEPTION: Sense of oneself, awareness of our posture and movements of our own bodies (________ sensors)
INTERCEPTIONS: Sense of the function of the major organ systems of body and its _______ state
All mediated by one class of sensory of sensory neutrons: DORSAL ROOT ______ NEURON
Touch
Proprioceptive
Internal
Ganglion
SOMATOSENSORY: TOUCH
MEISSNER CORPUSCLE (RA1)
- Superficial layers of skin
- Adapt rapidly to constant stimulation
- Detect: pressure, initial _____, slippage,stroking, low frequency ____
MERKEL CELLS (SA1)
- Superficial layers of skin
- Adapt slowly to constant stimulation
- Detect: pressure, textures, _______ to edges, corners, points
PACINIAN CORPUSCLE (RA2)
- Deep layers of skin
- Large receptive field
- Adapt rapidly to constant stimulation
- Detect: high frequency ________
RUFFINI ENDINGS (SA2)
- Deep layers of skin
- Large receptive field
- Adapt slowly to constant stimulation
- Detect: skin ______
Contact Vibration Sensitive Vibrations Stretch
HIGH-LEVEL VISUAL PROCESSING
Retina -> _____ nerve -> primary visual ______
->
Dorsal stream -> posterior parietal cortex (visually guided ______) (subconscious)
Ventral stream -> inferior _____ cortex (object identification) (conscious)
Optic
Cortex
Movement
Temporal
