Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Ethogram

A

formal description or inventory of an animal behaviours
Measures frequency, duration, rate and intensity (total time & relative frequency of a behaviour)
Often compare healthy and captivity induced behaviour

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2
Q

3 R’s

A

Reduction – limiting number of animals used, open access to research to avoid redundancy
Refinement – improving protocols to reduce stress & pain
Replacement – use other options than live animals, less invasive techniques?

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3
Q

Tinbergens 4 levels of analysis

A

Ultimate causes:
• Phylogeny – evolutionary origins, has it evolved?
• Function – effects on reproductive success, what is its current function?
Proximate causes:
• Development – genes/environment, how does it develop?
• Causation – stimuli/hormones, what immediately causes it?

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4
Q

Ultimate Causes

A

Phylogeny – evolutionary origins, has it evolved?

Function – effects on reproductive success, what is its current function?

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5
Q

Proximate Causes

A

Development – genes/environment, how does it develop?

Causation – stimuli/hormones, what immediately causes it?

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6
Q

Plesiomorphic

A

(ancestral) traits – found in a common ancestor of 2 or more species

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7
Q

Apomorphic

A

(derived) traits – found in a more recently evolved species (not present in common ancestor)

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8
Q

Homology

A

trait shared by 2+ species due to shared ancestor (plesiomorphic)

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9
Q

Homoplasy

A

traits shared by 2+ species due to natural selection acting independently on each species (apomorphic)

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10
Q

Behaviourism

A
comparative studies of observable behaviour only
Proximate causes (development – learning, mechanism/causation – stimuli)
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11
Q

Comparative biology

A

how biological process (including behaviour) have gradually evolved

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12
Q

Cognitive ethology/Neuroethology

A

natural selection on mental processes/cognition

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13
Q

Behavioural ecology

A

ecology/evolution of behaviour and its fitness consequences

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14
Q

Lamarkian Evolution

A

transmutation of species
• Due to use vs disuse (teleological explanation of traits)
• Acquired traits were heritable (transgenerational epigenetic inheritance)

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15
Q

Darwin’s dangerous idea

A

Theory of natural selection – nature selects the most stable and successful forms
(darwinian evolution)

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16
Q

3 conditions for natural selection

A
  1. Variation
  2. Heredity
  3. Differences in reproductive success (fitness)
17
Q

positive frequency-dependent selection

A

the fitness of a trait increases as it becomes more common in a population.

18
Q

adaptation

A

A heritable trait that enhances fitness
• an evolutionary process that results in a population of individuals with traits best suited to the current environment.

19
Q

fitness

A

survivorship and reproductions

• Measured in offspring’s offspring

20
Q

Pleiotrophy

A

effect of one gene on several different phenotypic traits

21
Q

Panglossian Paradigm

A

extreme adaptationist standpoint

• traits and structures explained as optimally designed by natural selection

22
Q

Exaptations

A

trait previously shaped by natural selection co-opted for a new use

23
Q

Kin selection

A

type of natural selection

individuals increase their fitness by cooperating with close relatives

24
Q

sexual selection

A

natural selection acting on heritable traits affecting reproduction

25
3 conditions for replicators
1. Stability 2. Speed (fecundity) 3. Accuracy
26
broad sense heritabiltiy
includes all the genetic effects (variables) on the phenotype Additive Dominance Eipstastic
27
Additive effects
average effect of individual alleles on phenotype (no interaction with other genes or environment)
28
narrow sense heritibiltiy
proportion on phenotypic variance that is due solely to additive (A) genetic values (most commonly reported)
29
how does gene variationn occur
1. Crossover of chromosomes in gametes (sex cells) | 2. Point Mutations: replication error (rare) longer genetic unit more likely to be altered
30
Instintual/innate behaviours
* Performed the same way each time * Fully expressed the first time the are exhibited * Present in individuals raised in isolation
31
Reaction norm
range of behaviours expressed by a single phenotype in different environments
32
sign stimulus
component of the environment that triggers a specific instinctual behaviour