Midterm 1 Flashcards
Politics
associated with processes and institutions of government or state in the context of power relations or the practice of power relations.
authority
the ability to induce deference in others; commonly accepted and legitimate rule
legitimacy
belief that a rule or institution ought to be obeyed
sources of authority
- Rational-legal
- Tradition
- Charisma
- Morality
- Knowledge/expertise
- Capacity
types of authority
vertical- power trickles from the top to the bottom
horizontal- dispersed authority where there is no one sovereign power
what is government?
the formal institutions consisting of 3 branches: judicial, legislative, and executive that are in charge of governance of a state
what is governance?
the formal and informal actors and institutions that help govern. i.e gov’t, churches,
civil society
the range of voluntary non-governmental associations that seek to either reinforce or alter existing rules, practices, and social structures in society
NGOs
non-profit organizations, independent of governments, working toward a particular objective
difference between an institution and organization
institution- a set of rules an regulations that determine how human beings should act in a given situation
Organization- Actual actors; groups of individuals bound by some common purpose to achieve objectives. an organization is an institution. An institution is not necessarily an organization
Max weber definition of the state
political organization with a centralized government that maintains the monopoly of the legitimate use of force within a certain geographical territory.
what elements does the state consist of
population, territory, government, sovereignty
sovereignty
supreme power to govern one’s self.
international regime
norms, rules, and decision-making procedures in which actors expectations converge in a given-issue
Walden Bello
termed the global south
3 elements of the global south
formally colonized; late industrialization; sustain higher levels of poverty
colonialism
the political and economic control/take over of a state or territory
theory
a simplified explanation of how the world works or a particular phenonium that helps us understand, explain and predict the future of the topic
Development economics
Came about in the 1950s; was created to smooth out the effects of recession. Based on Keynesian economics- save when times are good and spend when the economy is bad to keep the economy running
Modernization theory
1950s/60s. Liberal paradigm dominant in the U.S that assumes that the west’s development is a good guide for the development of the global south
What are Watlow’s 5 stages of economic growth?
- traditional
- pre-conditions for take-off
- take off
- drive to maturity
- maturity
Problems with Modernization theory
- Ethnocentric, based on cold war politics, ignores external factors and history, not one framework of development fits well, rapid development could destabilize governments
Positives of Modernization theory
- it is easier to measure
- gives a framework for development
Dependency theory
1960s/ made in reaction to modernization theory. Based on Marxist thinking, integration into the global economy will only perpetuate the underdevelopment of the global south, because the west takes resources from them at lower/unstable prices manufactures them and sells them back to the global south at much higher prices, therefore increasing dependency.
comprador class
internal factors perpetuating the underdevelopment of the global south
Cardoso & Faletto
argued that development is possible in dependency relationships it would just be dependent development
World systems theory
1970s; a transnational division of labour that divides the world into the core, periphery, and semi-periphery
Problems with Dependency & world systems theory
- they do not take into account the Asian Tigers
- economically centered definition of development
- ignores internal factors
- doesn’t actually give a framework for development
Neoliberalism
1970s, came during the 1970s oil crisis and 1970s/80s debt crisis. Rejection of Keynesian economics. The state was seen as inadequate to govern and develop, so they decided to leave it to the market to drive development. So they pressured the global south into the free market with conditions attached to aid
structural adjustment programs
mandates in which the world bank used to encourage free market, privatization of public goods, deregulation of currency, free trade, cuts to government spending and taxes
effects of neo-liberalism and world bank initiatives
- underdevelopment and bad effect on the poor
developmental state theory
- midway between neo-liberal and Marxist. The state is heavily involved in market-driven development. Asian Tigers.
Globalization theory
Came in the 1990s; emphasized accelerated integration into the global economy
problems with globalization theory
- World Organizations can threaten state sovereignty by getting involved in state affairs in the name of development
- focuses only on economic issues
critical theories
1980s; Deconstruct implicit power dynamics in development theory and discourse. Focuses on discourse; how is development talked about look at what assumptions are being made uncovers inherent power relations
Post colonial theory
1950s;90s. Analyzing how colonialism affects development, and how it is still present (neo-colonialism) and how its institutions and thoughts have stayed with developing countries post-colonialism.
Post-colonial developmental theory
An alternative way of looking at development, as development coming from the grassroots, and community, and local knowledge. Argues that development is an excuse for the west to take advantage of the global south and it is the dialogue and definition of prosperity from the west that made it ‘underdeveloped’ .
Zapatista Movement Mexico
Zapatista Army in Mexico revolts against the government and demands reform. The make their own community, rejecting capitalist ways and become more left/socialist- with shared property land and collective production, they refused help or subsides from the government and are living according to their own ways. Example of grassroots moving to create change.
