Midterm 1 Flashcards
Politics
associated with processes and institutions of government or state in the context of power relations or the practice of power relations.
authority
the ability to induce deference in others; commonly accepted and legitimate rule
legitimacy
belief that a rule or institution ought to be obeyed
sources of authority
- Rational-legal
- Tradition
- Charisma
- Morality
- Knowledge/expertise
- Capacity
types of authority
vertical- power trickles from the top to the bottom
horizontal- dispersed authority where there is no one sovereign power
what is government?
the formal institutions consisting of 3 branches: judicial, legislative, and executive that are in charge of governance of a state
what is governance?
the formal and informal actors and institutions that help govern. i.e gov’t, churches,
civil society
the range of voluntary non-governmental associations that seek to either reinforce or alter existing rules, practices, and social structures in society
NGOs
non-profit organizations, independent of governments, working toward a particular objective
difference between an institution and organization
institution- a set of rules an regulations that determine how human beings should act in a given situation
Organization- Actual actors; groups of individuals bound by some common purpose to achieve objectives. an organization is an institution. An institution is not necessarily an organization
Max weber definition of the state
political organization with a centralized government that maintains the monopoly of the legitimate use of force within a certain geographical territory.
what elements does the state consist of
population, territory, government, sovereignty
sovereignty
supreme power to govern one’s self.
international regime
norms, rules, and decision-making procedures in which actors expectations converge in a given-issue
Walden Bello
termed the global south
3 elements of the global south
formally colonized; late industrialization; sustain higher levels of poverty
colonialism
the political and economic control/take over of a state or territory
theory
a simplified explanation of how the world works or a particular phenonium that helps us understand, explain and predict the future of the topic
Development economics
Came about in the 1950s; was created to smooth out the effects of recession. Based on Keynesian economics- save when times are good and spend when the economy is bad to keep the economy running
Modernization theory
1950s/60s. Liberal paradigm dominant in the U.S that assumes that the west’s development is a good guide for the development of the global south
What are Watlow’s 5 stages of economic growth?
- traditional
- pre-conditions for take-off
- take off
- drive to maturity
- maturity
Problems with Modernization theory
- Ethnocentric, based on cold war politics, ignores external factors and history, not one framework of development fits well, rapid development could destabilize governments
Positives of Modernization theory
- it is easier to measure
- gives a framework for development
Dependency theory
1960s/ made in reaction to modernization theory. Based on Marxist thinking, integration into the global economy will only perpetuate the underdevelopment of the global south, because the west takes resources from them at lower/unstable prices manufactures them and sells them back to the global south at much higher prices, therefore increasing dependency.
comprador class
internal factors perpetuating the underdevelopment of the global south
Cardoso & Faletto
argued that development is possible in dependency relationships it would just be dependent development
World systems theory
1970s; a transnational division of labour that divides the world into the core, periphery, and semi-periphery
Problems with Dependency & world systems theory
- they do not take into account the Asian Tigers
- economically centered definition of development
- ignores internal factors
- doesn’t actually give a framework for development
Neoliberalism
1970s, came during the 1970s oil crisis and 1970s/80s debt crisis. Rejection of Keynesian economics. The state was seen as inadequate to govern and develop, so they decided to leave it to the market to drive development. So they pressured the global south into the free market with conditions attached to aid
structural adjustment programs
mandates in which the world bank used to encourage free market, privatization of public goods, deregulation of currency, free trade, cuts to government spending and taxes
effects of neo-liberalism and world bank initiatives
- underdevelopment and bad effect on the poor
developmental state theory
- midway between neo-liberal and Marxist. The state is heavily involved in market-driven development. Asian Tigers.
Globalization theory
Came in the 1990s; emphasized accelerated integration into the global economy
problems with globalization theory
- World Organizations can threaten state sovereignty by getting involved in state affairs in the name of development
- focuses only on economic issues
critical theories
1980s; Deconstruct implicit power dynamics in development theory and discourse. Focuses on discourse; how is development talked about look at what assumptions are being made uncovers inherent power relations
Post colonial theory
1950s;90s. Analyzing how colonialism affects development, and how it is still present (neo-colonialism) and how its institutions and thoughts have stayed with developing countries post-colonialism.
Post-colonial developmental theory
An alternative way of looking at development, as development coming from the grassroots, and community, and local knowledge. Argues that development is an excuse for the west to take advantage of the global south and it is the dialogue and definition of prosperity from the west that made it ‘underdeveloped’ .
Zapatista Movement Mexico
Zapatista Army in Mexico revolts against the government and demands reform. The make their own community, rejecting capitalist ways and become more left/socialist- with shared property land and collective production, they refused help or subsides from the government and are living according to their own ways. Example of grassroots moving to create change.
Colonialism vs imperialism
imperialism- process of empire building usually through force or the threat of force
colonialism- practice of imperialism; direct control over a territory
Characteristics of colonialism
- European superiority, autocratic, extractive, coercive and violent, politicized ethnic/cultural differences, cheap development (favours some areas over others), embedded European systems and institutions
what was the period of modern colonialism
1493-1914
Who started colonialism, when and who was conquered first
started Portugal and Spain; landed in South Asia 1498
16th century Americas-Spain, Brazil-Portugal
who joined after Spain and Portugal and when
16th and early 17th century French, English, Dutch join and start competition for their empires
when was the age of new imperialism; who were involved
1870-1914 following the industrial revolution. US, Portugal, Britain, France, Germany, Japan
when was the scramble for Africa
1881-1914
Forms of colonial rule
direct rule, indirect rule, and settler colonies
when did colonialism end
the wave of decolonization in 1950s/60s
Causes of decolonization
- colonial powers weakening after WW2
- internal unrest in colonies
- Assistance of WW2 from colonies
- World Organizations pushing for decolonization
- cold war politics, axis and allies looking for allies.
Discourse
they way we talk about a subject (development)
3 elements of deconstructing discourse
illuminate the power relationship, assumptions, ideas and biases we have about a subject.
Michael Foucault
the father of discourse
Time line of how development changed from economic to multidimensional
- 1950s/60s=economic development
- 1960s/70s=multidimensional development
- 1980s/90s- development=freedom
Duley Seers
promoted multidimensional development, poverty alleviation, social development etc..
Denis Goulet
Father of development ethics, development=freedom
Amartya Sen
development=freedom (more well known for this)
what is the capability approach?
the ability to expand an individual’s quality of life by expanding their freedoms; choices and ability to live a life one chooses.
what are unfreedoms?
limits to the ability to improve your own life
Martha Nussbaum’s 7 capabilities to function as a human
- long life
- bodily health
- emotion
- thought
- reason
- free affiliation
- reaction control over one’s own environment
what is sustainable development
development that meets present needs without infringing on the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Development with equity
Measurements of Development
GDP- measure of the value of final goods and services produced in an country; most common measurement of development
GNP- GDP+ income from foreign goods and services
PPP- measuring how much money can actually buy
HDI- human development index GDP+ education rates + life expectancy
States with highest GDP
- US (UCJGU)
- China
- Japan
- Germany
- UK
states with the highest GDP per capita
- Luxembourg (LSNII)
- Switzerland
- Norway
- Ireland
- Iceland
Cons of relying on GDP, GNP
- focus solely on economics
- it doesn’t show where that growth occurs
- can fluctuate quickly
countries with highest HDI
- Norway (NSAIG)
- Switzerland
- Australia
- Iceland
- Germany
other inequality-based measures
IHDI- looks at the distribution of human development
GII- looks at reproductive health, market participation,
types of developmental aid
bilateral aid- states give directly to other states makes up 60-70% of aid
multilateral aid- money is channeled through international organizations 30-40%
4 features of Official Developmental Assistance
- it must aim to promote social well being and economic development
- has a grant element of at least 25%
- it is provided by governments
- cannot include military assistance
Tied Aid
Aid with the extra condition that all goods purchased must come from the donor country, increases costs by 15-30%
DAC
Development Assistance Committee- 30 members, provide 80-90% of global ODA
Largest global donors
- US
- UK
- Germany
- Japan
- France
top relative generous donors
- Norway
- Sweden
- Netherlands
- Luxembourg
- Denmark
- UK
who’s development agency was considered the best
UK; best bilateral development agency
History of Canada’s development Agency
- was founded in 1968 Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA)
- merged with department of trade, development, and foreign affairs in 2013
- Renamed Global Affairs Canada 2015
Motives for aid
- altruistic
- obligatory (i.e colonialism)
- self-interest
Foreign aid trends over time
1960s- slow beginning
1970s- rapid increase because of cold war and multilateral efforts
1980s- slow again, ‘period of aid fatigue’ after the cold war
1990s- picking up again
Areas of biggest aid recipients
sub-Saharan Africa 37%
south/central Asia 22.7%
Countries with the largest amount of aid
Syria, Afghanistan, Ethiopia
who is Jeremy Sachs
Economist who wrote; THE END OF POVERTY; aid can be effective if done correctly and directed towards the poorest people.
who is Dambisa Moyo & William Earstley
Wrote DEAD AID, argue that aid distorts local markets and is not good for developing economies in the long run
4 debated issues surrounding aid
- Is aid effective
- What are the goals of aid? -poverty or development
- who is most deserving of aid- poorest or best governed?
- How should aid be distributed- through governments or NGOs
aid harmonization
donors uniting around a single development strategy
Who wrote THE STRUCTURE OF SOCIAL ACTION; which theory of development; what was their main contribution to the theory
Talcott Parson; modernization theory; they distinguished between traditional and modern societies
who wrote STAGES OF ECONOMIC GROWTH; which theory; what contribution
Walt Roscow; modernization theory; 5 stages of growth of a state
Who wrote THE FIRST NEW NATION; whats the argument; what theory
Seymour lipset; modernization theory; economic growth leads to social changes conducive to democracy.
who wrote MODERNIZATION, CULTURAL CHANGE, AND DEMOCRACY; which theory, contribution
Ingelhert & Welzel; modernization theory; economic growth leads to cultural changes conducive to democracy
who wrote POLITICAL ORDER IN CHANGING SOCIETIES; which theory; what contribution
Samuel Huntington; modernization theory; placed emphasis on order in developed and rapid development can destabilize political institutions
who wrote THE DEVELOPMENT OF UNDERDEVELOPMENT; theory; contribution
Andre Gunder Frank; dependency theory; development of the Global North would lead to the underdevelopment of the global south
who wrote UNDERDEVELOPMENT AND DEPENDENCY IN BLACK AFRICA; which theory; argument
Samir Amin; dependency theory; relationship between trade and investment with dependency,
who wrote HOW EUROPE UNDERDEVELOPED AFRICA; which theory; argument
Walter Rodney; dependency theory; European colonialism and exploitation of Africa
who wrote DEPENDENCY AND DEVELOPMENT IN LATIN AMERICA; theory; argument
Carloso & Faletto; dependency theory;focused on internal factors of underdevelopment (comprador class) and alternative dependency- there can be development but it would just be dependent development
who wrote THE CAPITALIST WORLD ECONOMY; which theory;
Emmanuel Wallerstein; world systems theory
who wrote ORIENTIALISM; theory; argument
Edward Said; post-colonial theory; deconstructs development discourse by pointing out that the west paints the global south as the exotic other, and the global south is a concept invented by the west
who wrote ENCOUNTERING DEVELOPMENT: THE MAKING AND UNMAKING OF THE THIRD WORLD; theory; argument
Arturo Escobar; post-development theory; development discourse portrays the North as advanced and therefore rationalizes their intervention
James Fergurson
post-colonial development theory; argued that development discourse depoliticize inequality
who wrote THE WRETCHED OF EARTH; theory; argument
Frantz Fanon; post-colonial theory; warned that taking over a European-constructed state would make and reproduce many problems
