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EPHE 201 - Qual Analysis > Midterm 1. > Flashcards

Midterm 1. Flashcards

Frame of Reference to Projectile Motion

1
Q

4 Task Model

Phases of Qualitative Analysis

A
  1. Preperation
  2. Observation
  3. Evaluate/Diagnosis
  4. Intervention
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2
Q

Preparation

A

1.Requires tools to properly observe and evaluate a movement task
-. Understanding how to observe movement (frame of reference, anatomy,
vectors)
- Understand mechanical principles to describe movement (Mechanics)

  1. Knowledge of skill specific considerations
    - . Goal of the movement (critical features)
    - . Knowledge of performers (specific, general; amateur, professional)
    - . Observational bias
    - . Knowledge of effective and appropriate instruction
  2. Develop a systematic STRATEGY for observation,
    evaluation/diagnosis and intervention
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3
Q

How to Observe Movement (4 Observational conditions)

A
  1. Frame of reference
  2. Free body diagrams
  3. Vectors
    • How to visualize forces and movement
  4. Qualitative Anatomical Assessment
    • Basic Functional Anatomy
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4
Q

Frame of Reference (FOR)

A

A way to describe an objects position in space and whole body
orientation alone and with respect to external landmarks

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5
Q

Types of Frame of Reference (FOR)

A
  1. Egocentric ( local)
    - planes
    - up/down
    - right/left
    - front/back
  2. Global
    - in a soccer field
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6
Q

Plane

A

is a fundamental two-dimensional

object

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7
Q

Planes - Consider as an observer and a performer

A

Mid-Frontal - focuses on Abduction and Adduction as it allows us to view the anterior and posterior (dorsal) surface of the body (Also Coronal) - Perpindicular to Sag.
Mid-Saggital- focuses on flexion / extension as it allows us to view the sides of the body ( also midline/median plane). ANY PLANE PARRALEL TO MID-SAG PLANE IS JUST SAGGITAL/PARA-SAGGITAL
Transverse - focuses on rotation as it allows us to view the top down / bottom up view of the body.

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8
Q

Axis

A

Z-axis (measure of up and down)
-Intersects Saggital and Frontal planes

Y-axis (measure of left / right)
-Intersects Frontal and Transverse planes

X-Axis (measure of front/back)
-Intersect Saggital and Transverse planes

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9
Q

Parallel Axis - Can be used during movement to show how body is bending

A

Aids in alignment of body to picture parallel lines running shoulder to shoulder / hip to hip / etc.

  • used in the planes for posture abnormalities
  • looks for asymmetry

Frontal - lowered shoulder/ hip
Transverse - forward shoulder /hip
Saggital - pelvic tilt

Pronated (inward) / Supinated (outward roll) ankles

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10
Q

Free Body Diagram

A

-A free body diagram is an isolated
drawing of an object that is assumed to
be rigid.

-simplifications of the actual situation
but retain all of the characteristics that
are relevant.

-Therefore, there is some subjectivity
(art) in drawing a free body diagram but
there are also some rules that cannot be
ignored (science)

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11
Q

How to Draw a FBD

A 
Think of Skeletal structure.
Use Triangles as shoulder and hip girdle
Estimate Joint centers
Establish COG
Establish Forces and Resulting forces
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12
Q

Pros / Cons of FBD

A

Pro:
Remove all unnecessary visual information
• Focus simply on the structural movement
• Rigid segments where forces act

Con:
Perspective
• What plane is the movement in?
• Depth
• Is each limb represented well by the 2D stick figure
• Range of motion (neck, spine, radius, ulna, ankle)
• Subjectivity
• Did we get the right joint centers
• Did we get rid of or misrepresent useful information?

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13
Q

Vector (3)

A

A thing with
• Direction- Where the arrow points
• Magnitude - length of the vector
• Point of application

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14
Q

Force

A

Simply defined a force is a push or a pull.
• is a vector quantity (Magnitude / Direction / Line of Action)
- POINT OF ACTION
• Can cause a change in the state of motion of an object.
• Can either accelerate/decelerate or deform an object
• come in pairs: action and reaction

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15
Q

Internal Force

A

act within the object or system that
is being studied

Internal pulling forces are
tensile forces
(like pulling on a rope, remember muscles are contracting)

• When you land from a jump there
is a force from your lower leg on
your upper leg through your knee
and an equal and opposite force
from your upper leg to your lower
leg through you knee
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16
Q

Compressing Forces

A 
Internal pushing forces are
compressive forces  ( knee joint)

Think of an object being
compacted.

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17
Q

What Happens When Forces Exceed Structure Capabilities

A 
When the tensile or
compressive forces on a
structure are greater than
the structure can withstand
the structure will fail. When
this occurs you have pulled
muscles, broken bones,
ruptured tendons.
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18
Q

External Forces (2 types)

A

• Forces that act on an object as a result of the
surroundings.
• Contact and non-contact

• Contact forces
• Occur between objects in
contact with each other
• Solid or fluid
• Air resistance and water
resistance are fluid contact
forces.
  • Non-contact forces
  • Gravity
  • Magnetic
  • electrical
19
Q

Gravity

A

-Also known as our Weight

• We have to exert force to stand.
• We feel pressure on our bodies
when we sit or stand
• Gravity is a non-contact force
that causes us to accelerate
towards the earth. Because of
this we end up contacting the
earth and having to exert force to
overcome the pull of gravity
20
Q

Normal Force

A 
The normal force is the
reaction force from the
surface acting on the
block that is equal and
opposite to the
component of gravity
acting perpendicular to
the surface
21
Q

Friction

A

Friction force is required to be
equal and opposite of the
parallel force or the block
would slide down the slope

Friction force is proportional to
the normal force and acts
perpendicular to it.

-Is Necessary for motion-

22
Q

Coefficient of Friction

A

• The coefficient of friction is related to the interaction of the surface
molecules

• Fr = uN
• Where u is the coefficient of friction and N is the magnitude of the
normal force

23
Q

Static Friction

A

Static friction occurs when two objects in contact are not moving
relative to one another.
• The force of friction is equivalent to the external force until the object
begins to move

24
Q

Dynamic Friction

A

• Dynamic friction occurs when the two objects in contact begin to slide
relative to one another. (sliding/kinetic friction)

• Dynamic friction is less than maximum static friction.
• It is easier to keep an object moving on a surface than to start it
moving.

25
Q

Draw a free body Diagram

A
  • Cool Now break up the forces into vectors on an axis
26
Q

Stress Strain Relationship

A

elastic
plastic
failure

stre

27
Q

Stress Strain Relationship

A

elastic
plastic
failure

stress on the y
strain on the x

-• Muscles and tendons may be able to
recover from strains but ligaments and
bones may not.

28
Q

Force Motion Principle

A

Without contact to an external object, your body cannot
change it’s general motion.

• Think about astronauts in space, if they have nothing to exert
force against they will not change their motion.

29
Q

What can help somebody do better pull ups?

A

Decrease body weight

Increase strength of supporting and main muscle groups

30
Q

Force Summation

A
  • Also Called Kinetic Linking

Forces through the lower limbs are transferred and
combined with forces in the upper limbs to enable the
performer to jump and shot the basketball.

31
Q

Translational Degrees of Freedom (3)

A

3 translational
Heaving - Z-Axis - Moving Up/Down
Swaying - Y-Axis - Moving Right/Left
Surging - X-Axis - Moving Forward/Backward

32
Q

Rotational Degrees of Freedom (3)

A

3 rotational
Pitching - X- Axis/ Flexion/Extension -
Yawing - Y - Axis / Adduction/Abduction
Rolling - Z-Axis / Medial / Lateral Rotation

33
Q

Pronation / Supination

A 
Radius rotates about ulna to rotate 
palm up ( supination)  
- outward roll (inversion)
Palm down (pronation) 
- inward roll (eversion)
34
Q

Movement of the shoulder ( 3)

A

Elevation/Depression
Adduction/Abduction
Protration/Retration

(Combine to give you Circumduction)

35
Q

Movement of the Spine

A

Flexion/Extention
Lateral Flexion
Rotation

-What vertebrae are the most free moving?

36
Q

Movement of the Hip

A 
Flexion
Extention
Adduction
Abduction
Medial Rotation
Lateral Rotation
37
Q

Movement of the Knee

A

Flexion

Extension

38
Q

Movement of Ankle

A

Dorsiflexion
Plantarflexion
Inversion ( Supination)
Eversion ( Pronation)

39
Q

Three types of Muscle Contraction

A

Eccentric - Where muscle contract and muscle lengthens - (Triceps Pulldown) - Extention

Concentric - Where muscles contract and muscle length shortens (Biceps Curl) - Flexion

Isometric - Where muscles contract but muscle length remains the same (the plank)

40
Q

Steps of Conducting a Qualitative Anatomical Analysis

-what were doing in lab

A
  1. Divide the activity into temporal phases
  2. Identify the joints involved and the movements occurring at those joints
  3. Determine the type of muscular contraction and identify the
    predominant active muscle group at each joint.
  4. Identify instances when rapid joint angular accelerations occur and
    where impacts occur.
  5. Identify any extremes in joint ranges of motion.
41
Q

Kinematics

A

The study of motion exclusive of the influences of mass and force. It
includes displacement, velocity, and acceleration without regard for
the forces acting on a body.
the branch of biomechanics that deals with the description of the
spatial and temporal components of motion

42
Q

Types of Motion ( 3)

A

Linear Motion / Translation - • uniform motion of all parts of an object in the same direction and at the same speed

Angular Motion - rotation around an axis

  • Same linear displacement
  • Different Angular Displacement

General Motion - • a combination of linear and
angular motion

43
Q

How do we Measure Linear Kinematics?

A

Accelerometers
Gyroscopes
Magnetometers

44
Q

Kinetics

A

The concepts of mass,
force, and energy as they
affect motion.

EPHE 201 - Qual Analysis (3 decks)

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