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PACS 135 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

origins of Partition (communal fears)

A

Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the Muslim League (1906) - wanted a better deal of Muslims and India
maybe wanted a separate Pakistan, maybe were using the threat of Pakistan as leverage
Muhammad Iqbal and the “Idea of Pakistan”

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2
Q

Pakistan: origins of rule

A

Jinnah dies in 1948 - Pakistan doesn’t have a Nehru as a natural leader
Liaquat Ali Khan: 1st Prime Minister 1947-1951, assassinated in 1951
series of weak governments

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3
Q

Pakistan: security issues

A

Kashmir conflict (est. 1947)
communist pressures - result of proximity to China
Baluchistan insurgency (1948)
refugee (mohajir) issues - millions of new people in newly formed Pakistan

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4
Q

Ayub Khan

A

in power from 1958-1969, military coup
emphasized capitalist growth, alliance with US and China
democracy returns after elections of 1965
war with India over Kashmir in 1965
Khan “resigns” in 1969

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5
Q

Yahya Khan

A 
constitution (1962) abrogated
martial law
general elections (Dec 1970) - created a second partition when Bengali leader won, creates crisis
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6
Q

The Second Partition

A

begins in 1970
E Pakistan has more people but W Pakistan sees itself as the cultural center of Pakistan
East Pakistan secedes as Bangladesh with the help of Indian intervention
Operation Searchlight (March 1971) - Bengali genocide?
Bangladeshi independence (Dec 1971)

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7
Q

Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

A

December 1971 transfer of power
nuclear power plant - NWP program launches in 1972 as a response to India
new Constitution (1973)
elections of 1977 create massive riots

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8
Q

Zia ul-Haq

A

brought in by widespread unrest after 1977 elections
martial law, Bhutto arrested and executed in 1979
era of Islamization, US alliance strengthened
kiled in a plane crash (August 1988) - probably assassinated

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9
Q

Benazir Bhutto

A

Prime Minister, daughter of executed president Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
“darling of the West”
elections in November 1988 - democracy returns?
Islamic political parties

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10
Q

Pakistan: the uncertain 1990s

A 
Bhutto dismissed (1990)
Nawaz Sharif (1990), dismissed (1993)
Benazir Bhutto (1993), dismissed (1996)
Nawaz Sharif (1997), ousted (1999)
dismissed usually due to evidence of corruption
Bhutto assassinated (2007)
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11
Q

Pakistan: ongoing drama

A

elections (May 2013) - Nawaz Sharif as PM
Mammon Hussain as president (July 2013)
Pervez Musharraf arrested and put on trial (February 2014), released to Dubai for medical treatment (2016)
PM Nawaz Sharif forced to resign by Supreme Court over corruption charges (Aug 2017)

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12
Q

Pakistan: 3 parties

A

PML-N (Pakistan Muslim League - Nawaz) - Nawaz Sharif
PPP (Pakistan People’s Party) - Bilawal Bhutto Zardari
PTI (Pakistan Tehreek-i-Ihsaf or Movement for Justice) - Imran Khan

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13
Q

Pakistan: ethnic diversity

A

Punjabi (43-45%)
Sindhi (14-15%)
Pashtun (15-16%)
Baloch (5-6%)

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14
Q

Balochistan

A

separatist movement since 1948
human rights violations
several militant groups (Jundallah al Qaeda linked, Lashkar-e-Jhangvi) - primarily target Hazara Shi’a

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15
Q

mujahirs

A

immigrants from India after Partition
Karachi and Sindh - Sindh has different politics, Karachi is the “home” of the mujahir political identity
inventing an ethnicity - Mojahir Qaumi Movement (MQM, 1984) as a protest movement
no shared ethnicity, all that united them is that they are not Pakistani
collective poverty and disenfranchisement

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16
Q

Pakistan: language issues

A

Urdu is the national language and English is another official language
dozens of other languages: Punjabi, Pashto, Sindhi, Siraiki, Urdu, Balochi - national language Urdu is mother tongue of only 8%
resentment against allowing Punjabi to dominate, and it’s also spoken in India
Urdu becomes the most “neutral” language, Arabic-derived script but a grammar structure found also in Hindi

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17
Q

Sindh

A

Sindhi Language Bill (July 1972) - teach Sindhi in schools
Sindh Language Riots (July 1972) - Karachi (mojahir) population is mostly Urdu-speaking
PM Zulfikar Ali Bhutto: Sindhi and Urdu are equal and both should be taught

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18
Q

Kalash (Pakistan)

A

very small ethnic minority, population around 5,000 in the NW mountainous areas
Kalash language is unrelated to any other language in South Asia, isolated (same w Kalash religion)
forced conversions to Islam (1950s) and banning of Kalash language and religion - almost wiped out Kalash community
recent protections because of world interest

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19
Q

One-Unit Pakistan

A

1954 - West Pakistan as one giant province
no Bengalis, no Punjabis, no Sindhis, no Balochis
deal with diversity by erasing it
reversed by Yahya Khan (1970)

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20
Q

Ahmadiyyas

A

Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (1835-1908) as Imam Mahdi
1974 Pakistan Constitution (amendment): ahmadiyyas are “non-Muslims”, not even a religion
Mahdi could not have been an imam because he was not alive in Muhammad’s lifetime, therefore his followers cannot be Muslims

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21
Q

Sufi Islam

A

Islamic mysticism with deep roots in Pakistan
music and dance (banned by the Taliban and orthodox believers)
rise of anti-Sufi movements in the 1970s
sufism as haram - sacrilegous to implicate that a human can merge with God or his beauty

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22
Q

origins of terrorism and militancy in Pakistan

A
  1. Zia ul-Haq and Islamization (1977-1988) - had a “legitimacy problem” solved by Islam
  2. Soviet Union invades Afghanistan (1979) - created a swell of ethnic and religious resistance groups in Afghanistan
  3. Iranian Revolution (1979) - Iran is a majority Shi’a country
    not all Muslim nations liked this revolution, fear over emboldening the Pakistani Shi’a minority
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23
Q

mujahideen

A

derived from “jihad”
anti-Soviet insurgency in Afghanistan, groups called themselves mujahideen
mujahid = person who engages in jihad, clear religious component
way of using Islam to cleanse a foreign presence
Pakistan military offers training to mujahideen
China and US support Pakistan out of interest in undermining USSR, China wants to make the other big communist power look bad

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24
Q

Pakistan and “Muslim NATO”

A

Islamic Military Alliance to Fight Terrorism (IMAFT) - Iran is not a member bc it is seen as Sunni
Pakistan uses IMAFT to lend credibility when it says it’s against terrorism
39 countries, based in and initiated by Saudi Arabia
Pakistan’s General Raheel Sharif given an important role

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25
Q

ISI (Inter-Services Intelligence)

A

Pakistan intelligence
India believes the ISI is responsible for supporting militancy in Pakistan, behind attacks in Kashmir and India
different factions - some are militant sympathizers
Abbottabad and Osama bin Laden as the “Golden Goose”: bin Laden was hiding 1 km away from Pakistani intelligence academy
relations with US begin to deteriorate

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26
Q

Pakistan: motives for militancy

A
  1. sectarian violence (Islamization) - often attack Muslim minorities
  2. Kashmir and India - use militancy to destabilize Indian forces, create Kashmiri militants
  3. democratic destabilization - if people believe democracy is weak, they may be susceptible to military rule or establishment of Islamic State
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27
Q

Pakistan: who do they blame for militancy?

A
  1. Afghanistan-Pakistan tensions
    claim Afghanistan is trying to export their instability
  2. India - wants to thwart the Pakistan-China “economic corridor”
    India sees this as a military threat
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28
Q

Group 1: Lashkar-e-Taiba

A

LeT - “Army of the Righteous”
origins in Kashmir: idea of spreading militancy among Kashmiris
expanded mandate: restore Islamic dominance in South Asia
attacks in India
links to al-Qaeda and IS
alleged support from ISI

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29
Q

Group 2: Jaish-e-Mohammed

A

JeM - “Army of Mohammed”
origins in Kashmir: goal to bring Kashmir into Pakistan
links with al Qaeda, Taliban
support from ISI and military alleged but denied by Pakistan

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30
Q

Group 3: Lashkar-e-Jhangvi

A

LeJ - “Army of Jhangvi” Muslim cleric
less interested in Kashmir and mostly anti-Shi’a/pro-Sunni
goal is to remove all heretical (non-Sunni) influence
Pakistan lists as a terrorist organization, arguably the most violent (see violence as purifying)

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31
Q

Group 4: Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan

A

TTP - Pakistan’s chapter of the Taliban
pro-Sunni, very strict adherence to conservative Islamic teachings
mostly Pashtun ethnically, in common w/ Afghanistan
aim to create more Taliban territory ruled as Islamic state

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32
Q

Group 5: Islamic State

A

IS Khorasan Branch (Jan 2015) - mandate to expand caliphate into South Asia
Pakistan gov’t has denied its presence officially

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33
Q

Gender-Based Violence in Pakistan

A

Malala Yousafzai - from Swat Valley in Khyber Pakhtunknwa
survived an assassination attempt by the TTP who wanted to silence her opinions on the value of girls’ education
Qandeel Baloch - the Kim Kardashian of Pakistan
murdered in 2016 by her brother
“honor killings”

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34
Q

Nuclear Issues in Pakistan

A

Zulfikar Ali Bhutto: from nuclear power to nuclear weapons in 1972, in response to Indian intervention in Bangladesh in 1971
India’s test at Pokhran (1974) - Peaceful Nuclear Device
India and Pakistan both conduct tests in 1998
Pakistan says it will sign the NPT as soon as India does
Lahore Declaration - no strike agreement between India and Pakistan, 2006
resentment about US-India agreement of 2006, “Hindu bomb” vs “Islamic bomb”

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35
Q

AQ Khan Network

A

Abdul Qadeer Khan - nuclear scientists who wanted to spread nuclear information to anyone who wanted or would pay for it
Khan Research Laboratories
facilitated spread of nuclear info and nuclear material
acquiring and selling technology illegal but Pakistan saw him as a hero and refused to really go after him
undermined NPT: belief that N Korea and Libya based nuclear programs off this network
fear that militant groups could obtain materials for a “dirty bomb”

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36
Q

The Emergence of Bangladesh

A

the First Partition (1947) - tension between E and W Pakistan
the elections of 1970 - largest party in E Pakistan won the most votes, would then govern the entire country
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and the Awami League decided to declare independence, triggering a Civil War
the Second Partition (1971) - India intervenes, the question of genocide

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37
Q

Bangladesh: instability in the first 10 years

A

Mujibur Rahman becomes PM (1972) and then President (1975) - assassinated in Aug 1975
General Ziaur Rahman becomes President (1977) - assassinated 1981

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38
Q

Bangladesh: the next 10 years

A

General Ershad assumed presidency and suspends the Constitution
rigged elections of 1986 - people state, state of emergency declared 1987
Islam declared the state religion in 1988, again to lend legitimacy to power
Ershad steps down in 1990 - arrested in 1991

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39
Q

Bangladesh: the 1990s

A

Begum Khaleda Zia (widow of Ziaur Rahman): Bangladesh National Party
Sheikh Hasina Wajed (daughter of Mujibur Rahman): Awami League
power transferred to Prime Minister
rivalry ongoing between these two women
natural disasters accompany political turmoil (cyclone in 1970, floods in 1974, etc)

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40
Q

Bangladesh: the new century

A

Sheikh Hasina steps down in July 2001 (first leader to voluntarily complete 5-year term in office)
rise of religious violence - idea that democracy doesn’t work, only Islam will unify us
2007: Sheikh Hasina is charged with murder while Begum Khaleda Zia is under house arrest

41
Q

Bangladesh: the present

A

Sheikh Hasina (AL) - wins elections of 2008
BNP boycotts 2014 elections - Sheikh Hasina wins 2014 elections
February 2018 - BNP Khaleda Zia sentenced to 5-year jail term for corruption

42
Q

Bangladesh: the issue of Islam

A

88% Muslim - 2% Shi’a minority
affinity with Hindu Bengalis in the past
Islam and the Constitution (1971): Ziaur Rahman
Islam as state religion (1988): General Ershad
change in the 1990s - militancy and purification
bombings begins

43
Q

Bangladesh Group 1: Jamaar-ul-Mujahideen

A

anti-secularist, anti-democracy (although some want a return to secularism)
modeled on Taliban
goal: create an Islamic state ruled by Sharia law

44
Q

Bangladesh Group 2: Jagrata Muslim Janata Bangladesh

A

Awakened Muslim Peoples of Bangladesh
modeled on Taliban
goal: create an Islamic state ruled by Sharia law

45
Q

Bangladesh Group 3 Ansarullah Bangla Team

A

anti-secularism inspired by Islamic State and al Qaeda

banned May 2015 and identified as a terrorist group

46
Q

Bangladesh: Islam in Pilitics

A

Jamaat-e-Islamic political party charged with crimes against humanity in 1971
death sentences after trials
claim: collaboration with West Pakistan
Sheikh Hasina vetoes bill that would make criticism of Islam a crime in April 2013

47
Q

Rohingya issue

A

Bengali-speaking Muslim inority in Burma (citizenship revoked by Burma - “Bengali illegal immigrants”)
Bangladesh refuses refugees - fear of IS militants, has a lot on its plate already, resource-poor
Buddhist attacks on Rohingya in Burma begin in June 2012
Muslim reprisals against Buddhists in Bangladesh (Oct 2012)
Bangladesh seals up border and gives “shoot on sight” order to border guards

48
Q

Bangladesh: ethnic identity

A

98% Bengali and 2% non-Bengali (evidence that ethnic homogeneity does not solve problems)
Adivasi: “indigenous” or “aboriginal” hill tribe people - \

49
Q

Chittagong Hill Tracts

A

many different tribal groups
economically attractive: hill crops and hydroelectric power (only place in Bangladesh)
“Jumma”: invented ethnicity of tribes meant to unify the diferent tribal groups to resist encroachment into the CHT
land grabs - govt offers incentives for Bengalis to move to hills
“anti-terrorist” operations - Jumma efforts to fight back are labeled terrorism
peace agreement in 1997 - not implemented, resurgent intermittent violence

50
Q

Biharis

A

non-Bengali Muslims who settled in East Pakistan
around 800,000 people
mostly Urdu speakers (Urdu as national language of Pakistan)
1970-1: Biharis supported West Pakistan
“stranded Pakistanis” - stateless, no citizenship, accepted by neither Pakistan nor Bangladesh

51
Q

Bangladesh: the status of women

A

leadership by women does not translate
child marriage - girls will not go to school or learn to read
dowry - girls as a financial burden, dowry deaths if the family does not pay
human trafficking
acid attacks became rampant in the 1990s, mostly against women in retaliation for rejection

52
Q

Bangladesh: economic insecurity

A

became rampant in the 1990s - highest level of inequality in S Asia
28% live below the poverty line but number is slowly declining (economic insecurity vs poverty)

53
Q

Grameen Bank

A

founded by Muhammad Yunus in 1970, microfinance in Bangladesh
created in CHT
idea of social collateral - 2 other people have to cosign as testament to applicant’s responsibility
the 16 decisions
not a charity but a bank

54
Q

Arsenic in Bangladesh

A

naturally occurring
groundwater tube wells
high infant mortality
sono arsenic filter - low cost (partly developed at Cal) - problem is not solved, but there is a solution

55
Q

Rana Plaza Collapse (April 2013)

A

garment factories for international companies
death toll over over 1,100
corruption as cause: building was poorly made leading to collapse
supply chain complicity and corporate responsibility - buildings are lucrative due to clothing manufacturers abroad utilizing what are essentially sweat shops
call from Bengali human rights activists: the face of fashion
responsible consumerism

56
Q

The Maldives

A

population: 350,000
language: Dhivehi
currency: rufiyaa
independence in 1965 -> republic in 1968
decolonized as a democracy
President Ibrahim Nasir (1968-1978)

57
Q

Maumoon Abdul Gayoom

A

President 1978-2008
6 uncontested elections (turn toward “democratic authoritarianism”)
attempted coups in 1980, 1983, and 1988 - basically borrowed a military from Sri Lanka
used money generated through fishing and tourism to buy loyalty (direct political patronage)

58
Q

coup of November 1988

A

mercenary force borrowed from PLOTE (People’s Liberation of Tamil Eelam) - Sri Lankan militant group
India flies in 1600 paratroopers from Agra and restore former governmentIndia was also involved in Sri Lanka, concerned about militants gaining regional power
also are pro-democracy and did not want military changes of power

59
Q

The Maldives: democratic pressure

A

end of the Cold War (1990s) - rise of pro-democracy sentiment, SAARC wants true democracy for the Maldives
Commonwealth countries also encourage true/popular democracy
public disappointment in high levels of corruption also grows

60
Q

Mohamed Nasheed

A

creates Maldivian Democratic Party (2003) - the Maldives’ Obama
wins elections of 2008 but Gayoom’s party wins most Parliament sats
New Constitution (2008) - instates true democracy
becomes known internationally for speaking out about environmental concerns
Sovereign Wealth Fund from tourism - state invests public money in international markets to grow national wealth
economic reform and aggressive anti-corruption campaign

61
Q

opposition to Nasheed

A

Gayoom loyalists block reforms and trials
trials - every justice in every court would have been loyal to and paid off by Gayoom
January 2012: Nasheed arrests (orders the arrest of) Chief Justice Mohamed, sets off 1st political crisis

62
Q

The Maldives: 1st Political Crisis

A

2012: Nasheed orders arrest of Chief Justice Abdullah Mohamed
Gayoom loyalists take to the streets in response
Nasheed orders police to stop the protests –> police have been paid off by Gayoom loyalists, so police join protesters
February 2012: Nasheed “resigns” - intimidated into doing so by police
Nasheed arrested in Oct 2012, charged with unconstitutional action

63
Q

The Maldives: elections of 2013

A

Mohamed Nasheed wins

Supreme Court nullifies the results without a reason, declare that Abdulla Yameen “wins” - close friend of Gayoom

64
Q

The Maldives: 2015-2018

A

Feb 2015: Nasheed arrested, charged under anti-Terrorism Act, sentenced to 13 years in prison by same corrupt courts
Jan 2016 Nasheed is released for medical treatment, but his brother has to go to jail in his place
goes to the UK and is awarded refugee status

65
Q

Abdulla Yameen

A

closer ties with China, wanted new friends that wouldn’t ask questions about dictatorship/democracy and China will only care about mutual profit
Islamization
Western criticism of his rule is an “attack on Islam”
assassination attempt Sept 2015 - state of emergency declared

66
Q

The Maldives: 2nd Political Crisis

A

Supreme Court (Feb 2018) - many judges have retired, new Supreme Court justice
Nasheed trial ruled unconstitutional
reinstatement of 9 MDP MPs who Yameen had put in jail
means MDP would control Parliament
Nasheed flies to Sri Lanka

67
Q

Yameen’s Response

A

Yameen suspends Parliament, fires new police commissioner who wanted to comply with SC, orders police and security forces to resist all Supreme Court order
state of emergency declared
SC orders Yameen out, Yameen orders SC out - fires and replaces Chief Justice and one more
orders arrest of oppositional judges, remaining judges reverse SC rulings (irony)

68
Q

The Maldives: MILAN exercises

A

power plays
Indian navy invites other countries in S Asia every 2 years to practice joint maneuvers as a way of expressing cooperation
Maldives declines this time - official explanation is because of the crisis
but Chinese naval ships are seen near Maldives - statement that China is the protector of the Maldives, not India
China opposed Indian intervention (showdown of Asian superpowers)
Nasheed has openly called for India to intervene

69
Q

The Maldives: Islam and Tourism

A

tourism is 60% of national income
industry mainly serviced by foreigners (mostly Indian) - idea that Male is the good city of Islam, and the decadent outer islands are just for money
fear that conservative Muslim groups will shut down tourism industry or even attack outer islands (similar attacks in Hindu-majority Bali)
Dec 2014 death threats against Jamaican rapper Sean Paul - BASM claimed threats, later claimed they were an anti-Islamic hoax by the MDP

70
Q

The Maldives: divorce

A

has the highest divorce rate in the world
easy to marry and divorce - marriage basically takes the place of dating
average Maldivean has 3 divorces by age 30
conservative values mask liberal behavior

71
Q

the Saudi deal

A

Faafu atoll has been given to Saudi Arabia for a 99 year lease
intent to establish an SEZ (Special Economic Zone) - tourism that upholds Islamic standards
India opposed this deal due to radicalization fears

72
Q

Relocating the Maldives

A

Sovereign Wealth Fund - partial purpose is to have funds to buy a relocation spot, fears that Yameen will squander the money and China will take over a larger sector of the economy
legal issues - unprecedented idea of maintaining sovereignty in new location
new state or new citizenship?

73
Q

Nepal: Origins

A

Prithvi Narayan Shah (1768) - Shah Dynasty founder, first rulers to rule Nepal as a whole
Kot Massacre (1846) - Rana regime comes into power
treaty with Britain (1923) - independence as a reward for Rana regime’s loyalty to the British
India intervention via creation of the Nepali Congress Party (1950) - to put pressure on Rana regime, who turn to China
direct intervention: restoration of the Shah Dynasty (1951), which had always been pro-India

74
Q

Nepal and Democracy

A

under King Mahendra (1955-1972): elections of 1960 as a kind of political experiment, BP Koirala becomes First Prime Minister
Parliament later suspended in 1960
Panchayat democracy in the constitution if 1962 - run the country like a village, no political parties, whole system overseen by the monarch
idea that multi-party democracy was too divisive

75
Q

Nepal: the 1980s

A

King Birendra (1972-2001) and economic development
economic troubles in the 80s and corruption scandals around the Nepali elite lead to a growing insistence on multi-party democracy
Spring Uprising (1990) - collective, successful protest to demand democracy
new Constitution, new elections in 1994
monarchy loses considerable power

76
Q

Nepal: the 1990s

A

GP Koirala (NCP) - Prime Minister (1991)
1991-2000: nine governments in nine years - governments and coalitions keep collapsing or are dismissed
violent Maoist rebellion (1995) - communist insurgency to demand land rights for peasants

77
Q

Nepal: the 2000s

A

The Palace Massacre - Crown Prince Dipendra kills all but one member of his family and himself in 2001
King Gyanendra (2001-2008) - least popular family member
Maoist violence expands under his rule
Gyanendra aspired to authoritarian rule, which no one wants –> ousted politicians aspire to restore democracy

78
Q

Nepal: 3 Crucial Years

A

2006: Comprehensive Peace Agreement - between the government (not the monarchy) and the Maoists
2007: renewed bombings and uneasy truce - the one thing govt. and Maoists can agree on is that they hate the monarchy
2008: the monarchy is abolished (May) - Nepal becomes a republic

79
Q

Nepal: The Democratic Republic

A

main political parties: NCP, Communists (Marxists), Communists (Maoists)
the issues of war crimes - committed during Maoist rebellion, NCP demands investigations but Maoist Party blocks investigations
massive earthquake hits Nepal in 2015 and brings new problems

80
Q

Identity in Nepal: ethnicity

A

ethnic groups - dozens, such as Tharu/Gurung/Pahari in lowlands and Sherpa/Bhotia/Tamang in mountainous areas
Indo-Nepalese groups
indigenous (adivasi/janajati) Nepalese are 37-50% - disenfranchised because unifier of Nepal was from India, everything associated with being Nepali to them is fundamentally Indian
terrain and identity: culture defined by altitude
ethnic based parties are illegal

81
Q

Nepal: caste

A

introduced via settlers from India
Brahmin (Bahun) and Chhetri: the Khas elite (20% - 2 dominant castes)
dalit (10-15%)
indigenous are “non Indian” and outside caste system altogether

82
Q

Nepal: language

A

Nepali (44%) - official language of Nepal
Newari (Nepali bhasa - 3%)
over 100 other languages

83
Q

Comprehensive Peace Agreement/Accord

A

between government of Nepal and Maoists
formal and legal end of war
UNMIN (United Nations Mission in Nepal) 2007-2011
problems: 1. the meaning of rehabilitation of former soldiers (Maoists want financial support vs NCP social)
2. neither side admits to “losing” the war
3. still no trials or truth commissions - Maoists will not agree to trials until NCP also does, but NCP holds that Maoists both started and lost the war while the NCP was in power
CPA has still not been fully implemented

84
Q

Nepali Constitution (2015)

A

5 years behind schedule
creates a federal system - 7 federal provinces by number instead of names
secularism, inclusion of LGBT+ rights
2 problems: citizenship and ethnicity

85
Q

Nepali Constitution: Citizenship

A

Nepal goes by jus sanguinis (law by blood) rather than jus soli (law by soil)
Nepal Citizenship Act of 2006 said no dual citizenship but matrilineal descent allowed (single mother’s kids could be Nepali)
Constitution and the and/or debate: people want citizenship if mother OR father is Nepali, but interpreted as if mother AND father are Nepali
patrilineal citizenship is disempowering to women

86
Q

Nepali Constitution: Ethnicity

A

are federal boundaries ethnic or administrative?
Tharu claims its community was split into 2 groups so they could be dominated by high-caste highlanders (Pahari)
live in the lowlands
clashes with police: over 40 killed
claims that citizenship issue was targeted at Madhesis

87
Q

Madhesis

A

30% - mostly in Terai region, mostly of Indian descent and often marry Indian citizens
share groups across Indian border
belief that Constitution’s overturning of NCA of 2006 was discriminatory against Madhesis
Tharu demands for autonomous region - want unity and provincial autonomy, claim they are losing culture to Madhesis illegally crossing border

88
Q

Tharu-Madhesi clashes

A

2015 border blockade and India’s “cooperation” with Madhesis
India blocks Madhesis in Nepal to force Nepal to solve the problem and give them full citizenship rights
Nepal saw this as Indian interference - #BackOffIndia
the cutoff of supplies and relation to Nepali dependency on India
Bollywood and Madhesi anxiety - anti-Nepal remarks spark retaliation against Madhesi communities which are seen as not Nepali

89
Q

Madhesi Democratic United Front

A

Nepal calls it illegal to organize based on ethnic grounds
this was a reason behind Panchayat Democracy
India says Madhesis have no other way to fight the clear discrimination they suffer

90
Q

Women in Nepal

A

trafficing into India - more “exotic” looks are more desirable
leads to belief that Indian traffickers are stealing Nepali women
often low-caste, adivasi, marginal communities
issues of rescue, repatriation, rehabilitation (80% of trafficked women reenter the system)
Anuradha Koirala, activist

91
Q

“Renewed Hope in Pakistan?” - Maya Tudor

A

2008: General Pervez Musharraf stepped down after 9 years of military rule
2013 elections: opposition win in a regularly scheduled vote and a smooth turnover of power
voter turnout was record high and geographically diverse
energization of youth politically by Imran Khan and PTI
MI: unprecedented peaceful transfer of power gives hope for Pakistan’s future

92
Q

“Notes from the Margins: Shi’a Political Theology in Contemporary Pakistan” - Mashal Saif

A

most victimized group is ulema, or traditional Shi’a scholars
MI: discourses fall into 3 groups: 1) a secular state
2) a sectarianly-unaligned Islamic state
3) implementation of wilayat-al-faqig which is the Iranian model of Quran supremacy

93
Q

“Pakistan’s Battlefield Nuclear Policy: A Risky Solution to an Exaggerated Threat” - Jaganath Sankaran

A

Nasr missile added to Pakistani arsenal in 2011 in response to Indian Cold Start doctrine (which was a response to 2001 terror attacks)
threat and feasibility of Cold Start operation by India is less real than perceived by Pakistan
MI: it is in Pakistan’s interest not to deploy battlefield nuclear weapons
it should also deescalate by working to curtail terrorism originating in Pakistan

94
Q

“The State of Governance in Bangladesh: The Capture of State Institutions” - Quamrul Alam

A

MI: powerful nexus has taken control of state institutions through symbiotic relationship with the state
affects institutional capacity to combat corruption or fix problem
good government requires legitimacy, accountability, transparency
patron-client politics

95
Q

“Domestic Violence Made Public” - Laila Ashrafun

A

third sector initiative in alternative dispute resolution (ADR)
MI: ADR gives woman a chance to be heard but fails to provide just and enforceable solutions
should not take the place of the justice system (though it is flawed)

96
Q

“Tumult in the Maldives” - Fathima Muthaq

A

MI: focuses on political crisis from Sept-Nov of 2013
3 elections in 9 weeks
institutions such as police force are guilty of preventing free and fair elections
public disapproval

97
Q

“Nepal: From Civilian to Combatant” - DB Subedi

A

MI: paper aims to understand motivations behind Nepalis joining Maoists in the People’s War
mobilizing factors include Maoists’ ideology and radicalization, and insecurity/violence
security paradigm:
coercion and forced by the Maoists
abuse by police and the army of existing govt.

98
Q

“Sexual Trafficking in Nepal: Constructing Citizenship and Livelihoods” - Diane Richardson

A 
MI: livelihood options available to trafficked women when they return home must be improved and specialized
skills training (eg block printing, mat weaving) does not provide much income and incentivizes return to trafficking system
social reintegration through marriage

PACS 135 (1 decks)

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