Midterm 1 Flashcards
How can we make the spelling tennis ball game easier?
switch teams
beginning middle and end of leading a game
start, solid content, close well
play community 1-4
playing for fun - support each other for growth, surprises and fun!
- emphasize teamwork and share the power
- play is communication and communication facilitates playfulness
- involvement and participation - access, wait time
- integration of everyone
facilitation vs arbitrary authority
making things easy for people vs commanding them
where does power come from? 1- 5
relationships you establish - trust, confidence, learn from mistakes, model foolish, communication
the four ps of getting a game going/ 4 p’s of facilitation
purpose, planning, prep, and presentation
purpose - 3
fun and successful
what do i want to have happen?
did i fulfill my purpose?
planning - 1- 5 things to consider
every single variable - players, situation, setting, game, leader
players 1- 5- 2
how many
needs, abilities, size and mix, lightning rods, culture/interests
- pos emotional experience, challenge and complexity
situation - 1 - 3
context - emotional(group) and circumstance of activity
what do we need to do?
emergencies/backup plans?
setting
physical environment
game - 4
energy, competitive vs cooperative, expressiveness, mood
leader - 4
confidence, experience, support
complex/simple activity
successful performance
work together as a group - experiences between members
overplan with flexibility - 3
unanticipated circumstances
# of people/gps
open to opinions
Fail safe games - 2
have a few that always work/extra time
where will it fit? how it wraps up the mood
MAPP - 3
max activity per player - keep them engaged and try not to eliminate people
dont be detrimental to their emotions as it will be detrimental to the objective of your game as it takes away the focus
Should you plan extra games?
yes but have flex time and just enjoy
prep - 3
gathering, testing, set up
gathering - 3
supplies, information of group, hip pocket list of script of order and timing (your anchor)
testing - 3
practice, confidence and eye contact, what ifs
presentation -1- 5 - 2
recruit, focus, explain
describe, demo, ask for questions, do it, adapt it - debrief
types of learners, variation and flexibility of things if they do it too quickly/slowly
for attention getting - 5 - optional
huggles freeze and melt red hanky whisper noise making things
recruiting - 6
invite them
humor
enthusiasm
give them something as soon as they walk in
let them know they dont hae to be perfect
dont guilt trip
focussing - 4
flow - challenge, focus, attention, spirit
warm ups - 2
ice breakers
changing mindsets
dividing teams - 4
diversity, quickly, creatively, playfully
explaining
over 75% of human communication is nonverbal - model what you want
describe - 2
info - objective
seen and heard
demo - 5
keep it splendidly simple use your players practice rounds background story safety issues
ask for questions - 2
they can observe first then join
ask a particular person what the rules are
adapt it - 5
with your players access safety novelty challenge
when you are playing multiple games - 4
warm ups are important
common games to start
competitive later
initial games are your assessment tools
what is leadership - 4
inpire/promote positive change by engaging followers to exercise leadership in their own right - ambrose
art of getting people to perform a task willingly - knight
series of behaviours that enables a group to accomplish commonnly desired goals - ray
process of exerting influence over others - eastman
has there been much change in the development of the definition?
no
business world recognized what?
leaders are required and they have certain characteristics or traits
you are not a leader unless
there are people following you
leadership vs management production
change and movement vs order and consistency
process vs end product
3 ideas of leadership
establish direction with a vision and set strategies
aligns people - communication/commitment/teams
motivates and inspires - energize, empower and satisfy
3 ideas of management
planning and budgeting
organizing and staffing
controlling and problem solving
does leadership or management lead to success?
neither, blending the 2
a productive leader - 2
leads and accomplishes goals
why play cooperative games? in what environments do these happen in?
experience the skills that good followers and leaders do in mostly non-threatening, mostly fun, hopefully learning environment
are coorperative games traditional?
no, its what you learn after you know - earl weaver
3 characteristics of cooperative games
infinite and finite - specific ending vs no winner or loser - rules change over time
intentionally contain a certain amount of spontaneous unpredictability
doesnt have all the answers/ending
4 elements of a successful CG
communication
trust - needs to be built
collaboration
fun
4 types of CG
ice breakers
initiative games - think/role play
tricks and variations - thinking, team heads and tails
trust
facilitation
increased ease of performance of any action resulting from, the continued, succesive application of necessary stim (leading or managing)
ease of performance - 5
are things easy for them? what are they accomplishing? want to make it easy for accomplishment are they doing things we intended for them to? is it beneficial? make the roles easier
necessary stim - 3
you are the stim
what do you contribute? - what to do so they achieve their goals
good facilitator - power not authority, control, intimidation but a stim for change
5 types of power
legit coercive reward referent expert
legit power
advantage - 2
disadvantage
law/formal authority
advantage - increased effectiveness of leader and clear guidelines of job
disadvantage - easily abused
coercive power
advantage
disadvantage - 5
threatening punishment
advantage - motivated really quickly
disadvantage - high employment turnover, lose respect, no longterm use followers, less willing to bring ideas forward, lower job satisfaction
reward power
advantage - 2
disadvantage - 2
give a reward if they do something right - tangible and intangible
advantage - tangible motivates to work - increase effectiveness, intangible motivates the workplace
disadvantage - tangible can run out of resources/finances, not providing the same to people
referent power - 4
advantage
disadvantage - 4
power to influence with trust,
unintentional, power because of high level of identification - admiration and respect
friendly yet business like
bosses wont have referent power
advantage - trust in authority - decrease of obstacle
disadvantage - leader expects certain behaviour, hard to change the norm, long time for trust, high employment turnover,
Expert power - 3
advantage - 2
disadvantage - 3
high level of knowledge or specialized skills
reward and coercive or both ex
used on anyone with a perceived lower level of knowledge
advantage - helps you get noticed, seek your advice
disadvantage - use for self, leave others, blind faith
conductor - 3
facilitate
stimulant
informant
how is facilitation achieved?
putting things in place that will potentially accomplish something
how do you know if you are facilitating? - 2
are your people accomplishing something or something that you have intended for them to accomplish?
What are you?
a stim - to make things easier for the group
what not to confuse power with/misunderstand it with - 4
manipulation
authority - referent/legitimate
intimidation
dominance
timing is key - 3
be comfortable doing activities shorter/longer
variations of activities
how long will briefing take?
delegation of tasks amongst leadership team - 2
whos leading the convo? things before transition?
1840s
great man theory - only men had the skills to lead, some men had what it took to ascend to the leadership position (monarchy)
1930-40 - 2
HR approach - the way we treat people can lead them to behave in diff ways,
trait theories - list of things you should have - problems - not all leaders have the same set of traits, some use good traits in a bad way
hawkthorne experiements -
more lightbulbs they work better? no they know they are being watched
1950-60
behavioural approach - use these behaviours/train for behaviours - engage, understand, apply - we dont have to be born with these
Blake and Mouton’s Grid 1964 - 3
xy grid with x being the concern for production and y for concern for people
5 locations and type of power
can use styles interchangably - continuum of strategy contingent on when and how we use different styles
9;1 Blake and Mouton’s Grid 1 - 3
authority obedience - high task low relationships
- do the work to get the job done
- people are a commodity
- dictates what and how to do things without concern for people
1;9 Blake and Mouton’s Grid 1- 3
country club management - high concern for relationships
- focus on followers, not exactly a stim to get things done
- purpose is incidental
- fostering good feelings gets primary attention
1;1 Blake and Mouton’s Grid 1- 3
impoverished management - they dont get anything done
- not a stim and no effort to make sure they are a group
- min concern for either behaviour
- purpose is unobtainable
5;5 Blake and Mouton’s Grid 1-3
organization man management - position of moderation
- bit of stim work to engage in task progression but not achievers or strong stim towards task completion
- leader goes along to get along
- results in conformity to status quo
9;9 Blake and Mouton’s Grid 1 - 3
team management - maximize both behaviours
- work and ppl are necessary of each other
- leader is goal centred
- seeks results through participation, commitment, and involvemnt of all who can contribute
masquerade technique
mask themselves as good leaders and they that they are one but are not perceived as one
3 criticisms of the blake and mouton grid
no established link between styles and outcomes - high in task should be more productive but that just means they are more task oriented, but not how our group will actually perform
fail to find a universal style for effective leadership - hard for use to define whats effective - diff disciplines have diff characteristics
implies, without empirical support that high high is most effective - diff ways to look at leaders
1960s
contingency theories - leadership is based on the situations
fiedler’s contingency theory
effectiveness contingent upon relationship between leadership style (personality traits) and degree to which the situation enables the leader to exert influence (context)
leaders are 1 -2
oriented to a particular style - stable and not easy to change
either task or relationship oriented
measured by least preferred coworker scale - empathy for your least preferred team member
High LPC leaders
people oriented -able to have pos feelings toward a weak/nonproductive member
low LPC leaders
task oriented - unable to rate LP member very high
situational favourableness depends on 3
leader member relations - how well do followers and leaders get along - high LPC makes you more successful, low may not matter
task structure - how clearly are jobs specified, performance matters
position power - amt of legitimate, reward, and coercive power
does situation become stable?
yes, so find situations that you will be successful in
low LPC leaders and situations -3
do best in most and least favourable situations
u shape in successful vs performance effectiveness
you will have everything lined up for you or you dont care about people so it doesnt matter
high LPC leaders and situations - 3
do best in moderately favourable situations
bigger window for opportunity to succeed
moderating relationships and power intersections
3 controversies of fiedlers contingency theory
only 2 ways to improve leadership effectiveness
change leader’s persinality
modify degree to which situation is favourable
how to modify the degree to which the situation is favourable 3-1
organization can change the situation by altering the composition of the group - leader member
rules/procedures in the task situations - task structure
what the leader can and cant do - position power
more effective and flexible leaders
1970s transactional theories -
business and the relationship between the leader and the follower
1970s transactional and transformational theories
leaders transform and followers - do still have responsibilities
1980s-90s
Multidimensional model of leadership - sport and PA
- encompasses all theories
- well tested - strong model
Antecedents - situational, leader and member characteristics
Leader behaviour - required behaviour, actual behaviour, preferred behaviour
Consequences - performance and satisfaction
leadership scale for sports 3-5
Trying to understand leaders’ behaviour - created by one of the same men that developed the MD model
40 questions to ask about scenarios and situations and understand a certain set of behaviours that will be performed by a sports leader
Chelladurai and Saleh
Democratic b
Autocratic b - both decision making styles
Social support
Positive feedback - both motivation
Training and instruction - task
40
Question set for leadership scale for sports
Did your coach do this? Do you think its required for your coach to? What would you prefer your coach do?
Preferred leader behaviour for age 1 -4
Chelladurai and Carron (1983)
- only conclusive with these guys
- male basketball in 4 age groups, gradual increase in age and level of play
- preference in social support (they already have the training and skill, this will get them over that hump), automatic (want others to make decision for them so they can focus on the game, realize the value of another perspective, we don’t want to take responsibility) increased linearly
- training and instruction increases then decreases for uni
Preferred leader behaviour and gender - 2
Chelladurai and Saleh (1978); Terry (1984)
- male PE majors preferred autocratic
- females preferred democratic
Congruence between leadership behaviour and success and performance
What will I do to affect the success and performance
Congruent between leader behaviours and consequences/performance - 2 studies
Van Schaik, Wilson, and Potwarka (2013)
Democratic DM, Social support and positive feedback and less autocratic
More likely to play playoffs
Rune, Jones, and Peters (2008)
Democratic DM, Training and instruction and positive feedback unsuccessful
Both used CIS and both genders
Congruence of leader behaviour and satisfaction 1-3
Difference between actual and preferred Ieader behaviour in areas of
Training and instruction (Damon, 2009) - will they listen and practice - ind athletes
Pos fdbk
Social support
mostly affected athlete’s satisfaction
Engage athletes in what they want
Congruence between leader behaviour and satisfaction for Weiss and Friedrichs (1986) 3
251 male ball players and their coaches - middle school basketball camp
Higher rewarding behaviour, social support and democratic for high satisfaction
High social support correlated with poorer performance records in younger kids
Younger coaches with good win loss records with less playing experience get a high level of satisfaction - performance?
Summing up congruence
More research is needed for validation
Can we define the skills? - 2
Leader skill profiles
Trait theory
Peg legged pig - 3
Regardless of how good you are at being a leader there are parts that may be less than perfect
Can’t define all the traits that all good leaders need to have
Must interpret the followers’ feelings as a leader - followers are always thinking of feedback
Do we spend most of our lives leading or following?
Following :(
Helping to refine our skills - 4
Training
Practice
Experience - cant get experience and training without practice, without practice you cant get experience - best thing is to have someone take a chance on you “catch 22”
Mastery
Why refine our skills - 2
In the end it is important to remember that we cannot become what we need to by remaining what we are
Is it important to put yourself out there and practice
What does research say about skill development? - 4
Coaching behaviour assessment system (smith and small, 1971 uni of washington)
- categorized behaviours of baseball players
- coaching - organization
- what do we know about the skills coaches have? - what are the coaches doing?
- allow the coaches to create a better environment
What do coaches do? M vs F
Who did they look at?
- male coaches increase technical instruction and decrease general encouragement
- female coaches decrease the technical and increase general encouragement
CIS soccer coaches - wide range of gender regardless of athletes, didn’t change leader behaviour regardless
What do athletes want?
Players have an affinity for coaches who - improve their skills, build relationships and let them participate in decision making
Cannot identify congruence between these
Every leader has to make the decision of how to use the skills and abilities they have
No thing that tells you what to do in diff situations
TART?
Try Assess Refine Try again ? - mastery
T for try - 4
Training/practice
Free to try
Learn from every leader/follower opportunity, then try them
Knowledge is as powerful as you make it, no power unless you use it
A for assess
Feedback - use in many diff manners, each time there are diff things that occur in the same activities
R for refine - 2
What can you do to change the activity based on the followers?
How can we change?
T for try again - 2
Get more experience
Practice and gain experience
Mastery
We never master things as a leader or follower, its about evolving to the situation
