midterm 1 Flashcards
1
Q
William James
A
wrote Principles of Psychology in 1890; damage to the brain affects and changes specific mental functions
2
Q
how many neurons
A
100 billion
3
Q
vertebrate brain structure
A
SPinal cord → hindbrain → midbrain → forebrain
4
Q
how does brain dev
A
in embryo as a tubular sheet folds in and closes off & expands at 1 end (forebrain end)
5
Q
gyrus vs sulci
A
gyrus - bumps,; sulci -grooves
6
Q
lobes
A
frontal , parietal (middle), occipital (far back); temporal (bottom section)
7
Q
central succulus
A
Seps frontal and parietal
8
Q
lateral fissure
A
seps temporal from frontal and parietal
9
Q
long fissure
A
seps right and left hemispheres
10
Q
Vesalius
A
Renaissance physician who publishes “On the Fabric of the Human Body” in 1543 with complex images of anatomy drawn by skilled artists of era; noted connections between brain and sensory organs (esp eyes)
11
Q
meninges
A
what separates skull from brain ; skull–> dura–> arachnoid–> pia
12
Q
meningitis
A
inflammation of meninges
13
Q
Descartes
A
Treatise of Man - interested in understanding how human body worked & perceived the world
Illustration of man reacting to sensation of fire; eye dissections & speculations about connections between eye and brain
14
Q
luigi galvani
A
electrical stim on frogs –> muscles move bc of internal electrical forces that can be triggered by an external system
15
Q
golgi
A
developed method of staining neurons (Golgi stain) was good bc only stained 1 percent on neurons
16
Q
ramon y cajal
A
illustrated neurons and glial cells w Golgi stain
17
Q
fatty acid
A
hydrophobic chain w COOH at end
18
Q
phospholipid
A
allows for cell membrane double layer bc hydrophilic ends
19
Q
amino acids
A
have amine and COOH components
20
Q
how is double helix held together
A
by H bonds between the nucleotides
21
Q
Darwin
A
diversity of living organisms is understandable in terms of evolution and natural selection; some way of passing info from gen to gen that had capacity to change
22
Q
Mendel
A
very distinct way traits passed down (pea experiments)
23
Q
gene
A
fundamental unit of inheritance
24
Q
Bohr
A
acts of observation limit what we know of universe; lectured on fact that in bio, studying structure & function of cells requires probing & necessarily perturbing or killing molecular components to determine the basis of life
25
Delbruck
theoreticl phys inspired by Bohrs talk to learn bio
| 1935 - paper that genes must be made up of molecules
26
Oswald avery
says genetic material is DNA not proteins, ignored bc work not done w E Coli and bacteriophages, ppl believed dna too dumb
27
Hershey Chase experiments
proved dna has genetic info, was believed by science community
28
Watson and Crick
announce double helix DNA structure (1953)
29
codons
triplet of DNA nucleotides that code for a specific amino acid
30
transcription and translation
transcription - DNA unwinds, 1 template used to synthesize RNA; translation - RNA matched w corresponding amino acid prod
31
ions more outside
Na, Ca, Cl-
32
ions more inside
K
33
sodium pot pump
3 Na out, 2 K in per 1 atp
34
resting potential
-65 mV (inside neg compared to outside)
35
hyperpolarization
increase in charge diff across membrane (opening K, Cl channels)
36
depolarization
dec in charge diff (open Ca, Na channels)
37
Huxley-Hodgkin
measured voltage changes across axon membrane during an action potential using squid axons --> predicted existence of voltage gated ion channels
38
voltage gated ion channels
Na, K channels that open/close depending on membrane voltage potential; located primarily along axon
39
action potential
Na+ opens when membrane potential reaches -50mV (influx of pos charge large enough to initiate action potential) and stay open until voltage goes to +30mV
K+ channels begin opening as voltage becomes more positive and fully open as membrane potential reaches +30mV and let K out until membrane potential driven negative to resting potential
(Actually reaches -70mV before reaches resting potential rapidly)
40
how propagation of action potential
once action pot starts, influx of Na in signals nearby VGCs to do same process
41
myelin
layers of glial cells that wrap axons
42
nodes of Ranvier
spots where myelin not covering the axon --> all Na /K pump and channel proteins are jammed here
43
oligodendrocytes
the glial cells that make up myelin
44
salutatory cond
AP jumps across axon from node to node--> faster movement of AP (100 m/s vs <10 m/s)
45
electrical synapse/gap junction
direct connection bt two adjacent neurons ; connexon channel (made up of connexin proteins) connects cells together
(can be mostly anywhere on neuron)
46
chemical synapse
end of axon of one cell connecting to dendrite of the other; voltage gated Ca channesl open and Ca flows in, interacts w proteins in axon terminal--> domino effect of protein interaction--> synaptic storage vesicles (filled w NT) which fall into space bt cells
47
reuptake transporters
bring NT back to cell of origin (getting rid of excess NT in synapse so postsynaptic cell can discriminate bt signals)
48
dendrite spine
bulge at one end of dendrite to inc surface area for receiving signals
49
how does cell pass signal
AP propogates along axon until it reaches axon terminal(s) & reaches Ca++ VGC
Depolarization induce Ca channel to open, Ca flows into cell, binds with SNARE & releases NTs within vessicle into synaptic cleft
NTs hit receptor proteins & bind if fit, sending message to postsynaptic neuron; might also head back and hit feedback receptors on presynaptic cell
50
how does cell deactivate signal
reuptaking proteins into axon terminal OR enzymes in synaptic cleft (for ACh only)
51
loewi
When he transferred liquid of slowed heart to another heart jar, heart 2 slows despite no stimulation → some chemical released from nerve when stimulated
Named it Vagustoff, later identified as acetylcholine (ACh)
52
ionotropic receptor
ligand gated channel receptor; allows certain ions to pass thru channel when opened when specific NT binds
53
glutamate/gluatamic acid
most abundant NT, main excitatory NT in the brain; opens Na and Ca channels, depolarizes cell
EPSP - excitatory post synaptic potential
54
GABA
major inhibitory NT, receptors mainly Cl channel ionotropic receptors ; hyperpolarizes cells
55
threshold for activating action pot
~ - 60 mv (and needs to be at axon hillock)
56
glutamic acid decarboxylase
enzyme used to convert glutamic acid to GABA
57
metabotropic receptor
affects intracellular chemistry and can open/close ion channels, control gene transcription, enzyme de/activation;
does NOT have a channel that opens
58
GPCR takeaway
slower effects than ionotropic but more potential/prolonged/amplified effects
59
central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
60
peripheral nervous system
everything else (sensory systems, muscles, skin), autonomic nervous system, enteric NS
61
connections bt CNS and PNS
via spinal cord or by cranial nerves
62
sympathetic NS
activates body, neural fibers emerge from spinal cord
63
parasympathetic NS
calming system, ganglia located further from CNS than symp glanglia
64
(para)sympathomimetic vs (para)sympatholytic
-mimetic stimulates, -olytic imhibit
65
monoamine
NT w amine group at end of certain atoms
66
caffeine effects
affects CNS via increase of alertness, wakefulness, inc in heart rate and bp;
works as antagonist to adenosine (which mediates lower heart rate and bp)
67
nicotine effects
relaxation and focused attentions, agonist at nAChRs
68
sedative hypnotics effects
low doses produce sedative/relaxing effect; high doses create hyposis/sleep
69
sed-hyp mechanism
facilitating GABA inhibition, inc Cl flow into cells
70
examples of sedative hypnotics
ethanol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, general anasthetics
71
oldest hominin
Ardipithico ramidus (~ 4.4 million years old)
72
what is a mind
A collection of mental states (thoughts, feelings, perceptions) that lead to a consciousness/ awareness; a subjective experience
73
mind-body problem
how is the mind related to physical processes in the brain and body? Is the brain necessary to have a mind?
74
physicalism
Characterized by principle that what is real is physical stuff and understand all of the universe in terms of particles and their interactions
75
reductionism
Reducing a bigger system to its components → life is just due to a collection of molecules
76
james usher
creation (4004 bc oct 22 at 6 pm)
77
how old is earth
~5 billion years old
78
bt what did first neurons most likely appear
bt sponges and cnidariana
79
reticular theory vs neuron theory
Reticular (Golgi)- all neurons connected in huge network
| Neuron (Ramon y Cajal) - neurons as distinct entities that generated a signal that was passed along
80
views of the brain
dorsal (from above), ventral (from below), lateral (side), medial (slice by cutting the brain in half down the middle), posterior (rear)
81
what does brain stem include
the medulla, pons, and midbrain (in some definitions, also includes the diancephalon and/or the cerebellum)
82
corpus callosum
a bundle of ~200 million nerve fibers connecting the right and left cerebral hemispheres
83
Dmitri mendelev
organized known elements in 1869
84
elemental composition of human body
By weight, oxygen number one
By dry weight (no water), its carbon
In terms of atoms, is hydrogen
85
refractory period
Prevent reverse propagation and reverberation of nerve impulse
86
MS
Autoimmune damage to myelin
| Nerve conduction impaired, motor and/or sensory functions impaired
87
EEG (electroencephalography)
measures changing EM fields due to lot of ions out bc chemical synapses
88
seizure
runaway neural activity in the brain
89
first NT discovered
ACh
90
what NTs are not made in specific isolated areas
GABA and glutamate
91
Botulinum toxin affects
Taken up into ACh presynaptic terminals, interferes w NT releases → reduces effectiveness of ACh at NMJ and momentary paralysis of muscles
92
Paracelsus
poison distinguished from medicine by dose
93
LD-50
amnt of something that kills 50 percent of the population
94
ttx (tetradotoxin)
blocks voltage gated Na channels, can lead to death by respiratory paralysis
95
Saxitoxin
also blocks Na channels
96
batrachotoxins
causes Na channels to stay open
97
what to local anesthetics do
Block sensation locally, dont block Na channels completely but mess w enough so dont open and close normally
98
TI
therapeutic index = lethal dose/therapeutic dose
99
treatment for seizures
anything to reduce excitability of neurons (interfering w VGCs, facilitate inhibitor GABA, reduces excitatory glutamate)
100
excitotoxicity
activates too many ionotropic receptors that allow Ca++ into cell, activate multiple enzymes (including closely controlled enzymes) that might wrech havoc and damage/kill cells
101
blood brain barrier
CNS blood vessels have no gaps between blood vessel cells
2 ways of getting through: transporter proteins & dissolving through cell membrane (main method for drugs that affect brain)
102
two types of AChRs
nAChRs and mAChRs
103
nicotinic AChRs
ionotropic receptor, activated by nicotine, blocking nAChR produces muscle paralysis but must enter bloodstream to work as poison
104
muscarine AChR
GPCR, activated by muscarine, antagonized by atropine
105
what can cross BBB to affect neurons
nicotine, atropine
106
top 5 psychoactive drugs
caffeine, ethanol, nicotine, areca nut, cannabis
