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B+B Spring 2018 > Midterm #1 > Flashcards

Midterm #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Charles Bonnet Syndrom - Symptoms

A

symptoms include consciousness about hallucinations that stem from some sort of physical or emotional stress in patients that recently went partially or fully blind. These were mainly visual experiences
reason: the brain is making up for lack of activity in the primary cortex

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2
Q

Charles Bonnet Syndrome - Neural Basis

A

Damage to V4 area or low blood flow to the area, mainly damage higher up in the visual system

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3
Q

Planes and describe them

A

Sagittal, Axial, Coronal

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4
Q

Frontal Lobe (where)

A

In charge of motor control, and higher cognitive functions

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5
Q

Parietal Lobe (where)

A

Sensation of the body and controls spatial aspects of other senses

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6
Q

Temporal Lobe (where)

A

In charge of audition, object recognition and identification

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7
Q

Occipital Lobe (where)

A

In charge of vision

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8
Q

Gyrus v sulci

A

gyrus is the folding patterns, outward pieces and the sulci are the tucked in valleys

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9
Q

White matter vs grey matter

A

White matter needs to connect grey matter to itself, white matter makes the longer connections and grey matter makes the closer connections

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10
Q

Cerebellum

A

Attached to the back of the pons and the brainstem

It controls balance and movement and is involved with error recovery when the movement does not go the right way

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11
Q

Thalamus

A

There are two sides, this relays sensory information to higher areas in the brain
includes a variety of nuclei

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12
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

becoming more negative than the baseline

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13
Q

Repolarization

A

returning to the baseline polarization level

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14
Q

Cochlea

A

analog of the retina and it is where the sensory transduction occurs in each ear

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15
Q

Synesthesia

A

atypical or multisensory experience where one’s sensory experience is related to another sensory experience and usually occurs in higher up senesory areas

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16
Q

Basilar Membrane

A

Exposed to fluid waves triggered by vibrations of the oval window.

Fluids of different vibrations will cause different parts of the basilar membrane to vibrate which creates a tonotopic map of the incoming frequencies

Contains small hair cells that transduce sound into electrical signals that are interpreted by the CNS

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17
Q

Nuclei

A

Grey matter or cell bodies

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18
Q

Source coding

A

when IT neurons are fired specifically for a certain stimulus and is usually when one is more familiar with that stimulus (seeing a face)

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19
Q

Population coding

A

when IT neurons are fired in many different places and degrees when seeing a stimulus and is usually when the stimulus is less familiar

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20
Q

Rods vs cones

A

rods: sensitive to light (really dark) vs cones: seeing fine details and less sensitive

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21
Q

Mach Bands

A

the phenomenon that when we are looking at the end of a band/shade of colors it appears darker when next to a darker color or shade and lighter when next to a lighter shade or color…
This is because of the receptive field of the ganglion cells. Essentially, it is in a center-surround organization. When you look at the edge of a band, lets say when a darker band is next to a lighter band then the inhibitory area that is on the lighter band might appear darker … the inhibitory area of the cell overlaps on the darker side of the Mach band thus making the edge of the lighter side lighter.

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22
Q

Lesion Studies

A

Experimental study of people who have had strokes to determine relationships between cognitive abilities of interest and underlying brain matter
i.e. stroke, tumor, degenerative diseases

23
Q

Connectional Methods

A

How different parts of the brain are sending messages back and forth… How the input and output are used to understand the function
i.e. diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), invasive tracer substance

24
Q

Correlational Methods

A

Making observations while one performs behavior

i.e. MRI, fMRI, EEG

25
Q

Stimulation Methods

A

stimulating neural circuit and seeing its effect on behavior i.e. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

26
Q

Grey matter

A

cell bodies of neurons and local connections

27
Q

White matter

A

long distance connection between neurons

28
Q

What makes up the Limbic system?

A

amygdala, hippocampus, formix and mamillary bodies,

29
Q

How do action potentials work? Describe the curve

A
  1. First, the neruon is still at the resting potential
  2. Next is the summation of EPSPs (depolarization) –> incremental
  3. Then there is an influx of sodium (Na+) into the cell and the graphed lines go up as the sodium ion channels are opening
  4. Then on the come down there is an efflux of potassium (K+)
  5. Then the refractory period occurs and the neuron mV dips down below the threshold as hyperpolarization occurs
  6. Return to the resting potential
30
Q

Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

A

When positive ions (like Na+) flow through a receptor into the cell

Depolarization of the postsynaptic cell
Inside of cell becomes more positive –> more positive means more voltage

Increase the probability of an action potential

31
Q

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

A

If neurotransmitter binding causes the potential difference in voltage between the inside and outside of the cell to grow larger
Occurs when positively charged (Ka+) flows out of the cell or when negatively charged chloride ions flow into the cell

Hyperpolarization
Inside of the cell becomes more negative (more than it usually is which is why it dips –> more negative means less voltage)

*Decrease the probability of there being an action potential

32
Q

Depolarization

A

The cell becomes more positively charged.

Na+ neurons flow into the cell and K+ ions flow out

33
Q

Explain the resting state of a neuron

A

There are more negative charged elements on the inside rather than on the outside (inside of cell is more negative)
the neuron at rest has a negative charge

34
Q

Synaptic transmission

A

the release of neurotransmitter by the presynaptic neuron –> this affects the membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron

  • chemical neurotransmitters released within the synapse ion channel designed to match up
  • the voltage of the second neuron can become more positive or less positive
35
Q

myelin

A

is produced by glial cells
is what creates white matter –> this is why white matter can make larger and farther away connections

the insulation allows for the preservation of passive code flow

makes transmitting more efficient/faster
but this can’t be everything because myelinated areas
do not go through the action potential process

36
Q

Voltage

A

separation of charged particles

37
Q

Ramon Y Cajal

A

before, people thought that neurons weren’t individual cells but through staining techniques (Golgi) he proved that neurons were discrete cells and have a dynamic polarization (flow in predictable direction)…
before people thought it was a continuous web

38
Q

Sensation vs perception

A

Detection of signal vs how we make sense of that signal

39
Q

Ventral Stream

A

helps us recognize what objects are and occurs in the higher vision areas
leads to temporal lobe and is concerned with object recognition

40
Q

Dorsal Stream

A

helps us recognize where objects are and occurs in the higher vision areas
leads to the parietal lobe and helps us understand spatial location

41
Q

Types of damage that occur in each visual system? Name the function of each visual system

A

V1=blindness
V2=visual agnosia
V3=specific problems like face blindness or issue seeing motion

42
Q

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

A

The part in the thalamus that receives major sensory input from the retina

43
Q

Basil Ganglia (location)

A

A part of the limbic system that is involved in initiating, maintaining, terminating activity in the frontal cortex specifically –> facilitates motor control

44
Q

Amygdala (location)

A

Associated with rapidly processing perceptual input and influencing the internal states of the body (i.e. emotion)
located anterior to the hippocampus

45
Q

Hippocampus (location)

A

Associated with episodic memory and spatial navigation

located posterior to the amygdala

46
Q

Hypothalamus (location)

A

Located inferior to the thalamus

important for homeostasis and basic survival drives

47
Q

Hodgkin Huxley Cycle (location)

A

Positive feedback loop allowing for rapid depolarization
Synaptic potential or receptor potential
Cycle of
1. membrane depolarizing
2. voltage-gated ion channels opening
3. Na+ flows into neuron

48
Q

Saltatory Conduction (location)

A

Passive conduction with myelinated segments and regeneration of action potentials at nodes of Ranvier

  1. Action potentials at axon hillock and each node
  2. Passive flow through each myelinated segment
49
Q

Cell layers in the retina?

A

(from back to front) Photoreceptors (rods and cones), bipolar cells and ganglion cells

50
Q

McGurk Effect

A

a perceptual illusion where what they see influences what they hear … shows how we use many different senses in order to guide our perception of the world.

51
Q

How does sound go through the middle ear and what is the function?

A

Pinnea –> ear drum –> middle ear (ossicles_ which transfers energy from the larger window of the eardrum to the smaller oval window ] the job so far is to shape the sound in the environment

52
Q

how do the inner hair cells work in the basilar membrane?

A

opening and closing the Ka+ channels … the movement of the hair cells can increase or decrease the force on the top links

53
Q

all or none action potential

A

a neuron either reaches the threshold or doesn’t –> will never fire between
Action potentials are caused when different ions cross the brain

B+B Spring 2018 (1 decks)

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