Midterm 1 Flashcards
Complements
Things that go hand in hand (use together with)
Ex: Corn and butter go hand in hand.
Price goes UP then Quantity demanded goes DOWN. Vice versa (opposites).
Substitutes
Things that you use in place of something.
Ex: Margarine is a substitute for butter.
A decrease in the price of a
substitute shifts demand down and to the left.
Price goes UP then Quantity demanded goes UP.
(P and Q will always be in the same direction)
Inferior Goods
Inferior goods have a negative income elasticity.
Ex: People will buy better things when their income goes up. iPhone 1 demand will go down, because people have more money to buy better phones.
Income decrease -> Price goes UP and Quantity demanded goes UP
(vice versa)
Increase in supply/production
Increases in productivity means suppliers can produce more at lower costs.
Price goes DOWN, and Quantity demanded goes UP
The increase in price of smidgets.
The increase in labor productivity.
Combining the two, what would happen?
The INCREASE in price of smidgets causes both the quantity and price of widgets both
FALL. The increase in labor productivity would cause the price of widgets to go DOWN and
its quantity to go UP. Combining the two, prices will go DOWN, but the effect on quantity
would be ambiguous.
Normal Goods
Income increase means quantity demanded goes UP.
Ex: When your income goes UP the quantity demanded for iPhones goes UP.
Qfigget remains unchanged while Pfigget increases
Since there is no change in quantity, either supply or demand will be perfectly
inelastic or both. In this case, It cannot be both, however, since price increased. Income is one of the
shifters of demand curve so the demand curve must have shifted. Price will increase
when the demand curve shifts to the right which means quantity demanded goes up
when income increases. This fits into the definition of normal goods.
Pareto Efficiency
An allocation is possible/easy and no other way to make someone better off without making someone worse off. Total surplus is maximized (Pie is as big as it can be)
In a free market, there must be no externalities and perfect competition.
Rules of Pareto Efficient
General Principal #1: Efficient Allocation of Consumption
In any efficient allocation, consumers with highest willingness to pay get to consume.
General Principal #2 : Efficient Allocation of Production
Producers with the lowest cost produce
General Principal #3: Efficient Quantity Marginal reservation value of the last buyer should be equal to
marginal cost of last seller.
Perfectly inelastic supply
eS =0
Supply curve is vertical and doesn’t change
Perfectly elastic demand
eD = infinity
Line is horizontal
Perfectly inelastic demand
eD = 0
Examples: 700 students buying 1101 book in Spring 2018 at $112
Same number of students will still buy if price is $50 or $130
Theoretically ideal concept: if price raised to $1 million, students will drop out.
Demand curve is vertical; stays the same no matter what
Clearing the Market
To “clear the market,” the quantity supplied and quantity demanded must be the same.
Total tax revenue
The total tax revenue is the quantity
consumed (1) times the amount of the tax ($8). Thus, the total tax revenue is $8.
Subsidy of $2 (look at graph)
With a subsidy, the wedge is placed to the right of the free market equilibrium. Quantity times by the Supply price. This gives us (6*6)/2=18.