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Medical Ethics > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

paternalism is?

A

paternalistically when we override someone’s autonomy for his or her own good

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2
Q

What is the principle of doubt?

A

when there is no clear resolution to a moral issue, do what will preserve life

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3
Q

Therapeutic experiment

A

testing the effectiveness of treatments that offer benefit

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4
Q

Non therapeutic expierment

A

just to advance the knowledge of medicine

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5
Q

a nurse should have a _______ relationship with a patient?

A

convenatal relationship

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6
Q

Cultural Ethical Relativism is?

A

what is right depends on what one’s culture believes is right

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7
Q

Priority?

A

serving the overall best interests of the patient, as defined by the patient

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8
Q

libertarian position?

A

anything that happens in a free market must be allowed

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9
Q

what is the difference between agency and autonomy?

A

agency (whenever she is able to make a choice and act on it, under pressure to make a decision)
autonomy (it requires that we are in no way oppressed)

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10
Q

developmental version of relational autonomy

A

persons develop continuously within a network of relationships

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11
Q

conceptual version of relational autonomy

A

autonomous is not to be independent, because we simply cannot do anything without our relationships coming along with us; rather, to be autonomous is to be free of oppression, whether external or internalized

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12
Q

what does it mean to be fully informed?

A

to be given as much knowledge as possible, not meant literally

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13
Q

moral subsistence level?

A

level of resources, well-being, etc. that everyone is entitled to

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14
Q

_____________ consent protects patient autonomy?

A

informed

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15
Q

what is the difference between interest and wishes?

A

interest (if it will benefit you)

wishes (is a decision about what one wants)

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16
Q

idiosyncratic vs incompetance?

when regarding wishes

A

idiosyncratic (disallow idiosyncracy is to disallow autonomy: patients must generally be allowed wishes that do not make sense to us)

incompetence (strangeness is not sufficient, some one does not get theyre wish)

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17
Q

what is surrogate consent?

A

If a patient is unable to give consent, the law requires that a surrogate be appointed to act on her behalf

18
Q

a living will is?

A

document that specifies one’s wishes in case one becomes incompetent

19
Q

what are the two rules of informed consent in research?

A
  1. duty to obtain voluntary agreement to participate before the beginning of treatment
  2. a duty to disclose adequate information to the participant before they agree to participate
20
Q

what are the 3 principles of ethics?

A

respect for autonomy, beneficence,, and justice

21
Q

the surfaxin trial was?

A

A new drug trial on infants in Latin America has been criticised as unethical because the control group of babies in the trial will be given a placebo rather than another, effective drug. The trial was proposed to be conducted in Bolivia and three other Latin American countries.The placebo-controlled surfactant trial proposed by Discovery Labs would currently be considered unethical in the United States where surfactant treatment is widely available. Those infants who were treated with a placebo would be denied life-saving treatment that is available to those not in the study. This is not the case in Bolivia were surfactant is too expensive and thus generally not available to people not in the study.

22
Q

describe a slippery slope argument?

A

event _________ has occured and therefor _____ will happen as a result

23
Q

normative vs descriptive claim?

A

normative (questions about what ought to be done, or what is valuable, or what is right)

descriptive (what is understood (or believed, or decreed) to be right or valuable)

24
Q

instrumental vs instrinsic good?

A

instrumental good: a good that is of value because it aids our pursuit of other goods.

intrinsic good: Happiness, we value it for its own sake

25
Q

judgements of obligation vs judgements of value ?

A

Value statements make claims about what is good or bad, whether intrinsically or instrumentally.

Obligation statements, on the other hand, make claims about what is right, just, obligatory, one’s duty, one’s right, or what one should or should not do

26
Q

consequentialism and utilitarianism are theories of philosophers?

A

J.S. Mill and Jeremy Bentham

27
Q

how do utilitarians think?

A

utilitarians, the right thing to do depends only on the consequences of the action, obligation depends on value, maximize good

28
Q

deontology is?

A

any such theory of obligation, one that includes considerations other than consequences

29
Q

pluralism was whos version of deontology?

A

ross

30
Q

the strongest form of deontology was?

A

kants version

31
Q

kant calls his definition of duty _____________?

A 
categorical imperative
(command that admits no exceptions)
32
Q

maximum of action?

A

statement someone might give about why they are doing something

33
Q

categorical imperitive one is?

A

act such that you can at the same time wish your maximum to be universal

34
Q

categorical imperative two?

A

never treat a person as a means to an end, we cannot use people

35
Q

kants theory was criticized for?

A

its rigidity, admits no exceptions

36
Q

according to kant _______ is always a violation of ones duty?

A

lying

37
Q

prima facie is?

A

duties that are weighed against one another

38
Q

what are blind spots in feminism?

A

important areas of reality that tend to be overlooked or minimized

39
Q

justice is?

A

should goods and evils be distributed among people

40
Q

what are the three issues of medical ethics?

A
  • issues of autonomy and informed consent
  • limits to medicine
  • allocation issues
41
Q

what is a dead metaphor?

A

part of regular speech that it appears literal

42
Q

what is a generative metaphor?

A

they may lead us to insights or new ways of conceiving a problem

Medical Ethics (2 decks)

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