MidTerm 1 Flashcards

Question

Thomas Malthus

Answer 1

human population is limited by food supply

Answer 2

Paleontology, Taxonomy ,Geology, Demography, Biology

Answer 3

believed higher level organisms could acquire positive changes in form; Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics; differential body parts; environment affects organisms traits leading to a different behavior

Answer 4

traits acquired over lifetime and passed down

Answer 5

Wrote to Darwin, encouraging Darwin to publish

Answer 6

``` Theory Of Evolution by Natural Selection Trait variation is random Traits are heritable Over population/ competition Differential reproductive success ```

Answer 7

Change over time/ Descent with Modification Common Ancestor Earth is about 4.6 billion years old Organisms aren't perfect

Answer 8

``` Religious doctrine/ Creationism Earth is only around 6,000 years old Great Chain of Being Species Unchanged and fixed Intelligent Design ```

Answer 9

Complex beings such as humans cannot have been due to random chance, must have had a creator

Answer 10

Discovered basic principles of heridity

Answer 11

P: true breeding F1: first level offspring F2: second generation

Answer 12

transmission of traits from one generation to next

Answer 13

unit of inheritance, codes for protein, located on chromosome

Answer 14

genetic/ allele of orgamisn

Answer 15

Physical expression of gene

Answer 16

location of a gene on a chromosome

Answer 17

Alternative version of a gene

Answer 18

allele that is fully expressed

Answer 19

Allele that is not expressed

Answer 20

Law of Dominance; Law of Segregation; Law of Independent Assortment

Answer 21

when two different alleles for a gene are present, the allele that is dominant will be phenotypically expressed

Answer 22

Each allele segregates into separate gametes, each carrying one allele for each gene; each gamete only carries one allele for each gene

Answer 23

Random orientation of homologous chromosomes during Metaphase 1, each pair of alleles on separate chromosomes segregate independently

Answer 24

dominant trait always fully expressed

Answer 25

neither allele is completely dominant; phenotype is between both parents; genotype distinct

Answer 26

Both alleles expressed separately

Answer 27

offspring characteristics are a blend of both genotypes

Answer 28

additive effect of more than one gene; affect phenotypic expression; multigenes for one effect

Answer 29

when one gene effects more than one phenotypic character

Answer 30

Phenotypic expression of one locus alters effect on a second locus

Answer 31

``` single gene variability autosomal dominant/recessive minimal environmental influences due to complications in either the gene or protein function ```

Answer 32

Polygenic common variable modes of inheritance affected by environmental influences

Answer 33

recessive allele of gene that causes genetic disorder; common (aa - disease; Aa - carrier; AA - no disease)

Answer 34

only one copy of allele needed to express disease; rare (AA - disease; Aa - disease; aa - no disease)

Answer 35

1/2500 Europeans 4% carriers; Defective gene on chromosome 7 - CFTR and causes a 3 base pair deletion; causes mucus buildup

Answer 36

1/1000 in US 50% chance of inheriting if parent is affected; deterioration of nervous system with late onset (autosomal dominant); 2 repeats of CAG on chromosome 4

Answer 37

genetic testing developed for most simple Mendelian genetic disease

Answer 38

displays family tree and affected family members

Answer 39

prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities and fetal infection; amniotic fluid

Answer 40

prenatal tests that show/diagnose chromosomal abnormalities; placenta

Answer 41

Watson, Crick, and Franklin

Answer 42

bacterial genetics

Answer 43

x-ray and chemist; allowed us to look at structure of DNA

Answer 44

Structure: double helix; sugar-phosphate backbone Found: in nucleus Bases: Adenine to Thymine; Guanine to Cytosine

Answer 45

All chromosomal DNA; 3.2 billion bases

Answer 46

DNA - RNA - Protein

Answer 47

Julian Hurley Genes responsible for inheritance Pop. not individuals evolve Speciation due to gradual accumulation of small changes multiple mechanisms for evolution: nat select, genetic drift, mutation, migration DNA basis of heredity and variation

Answer 48

Mechanisms for evolution: natural selection | Didn't know basis of heredity or variation

Answer 49

``` located in nucleus; contains two sets of 23 chromosomes Biparental inheritance Double Helix Chromatic structure Crossing over/ recombination ```

Answer 50

Autosomal 3.2 billion base pairs 22 pairs of chromosomes

Answer 51

``` plasmid 16000 base pairs no chromatin circular no crossing over or recombination each mitochondria can have several copies of the same mtDNA ```

Answer 52

Chromosomal and Mitochondiral DNA

Answer 53

made of two identical chromatds

Answer 54

2 per chromosome identical split during replication

Answer 55

ends of chromosome; contain Tandem repeats (repeating sequences: TTAGGG) which don't get coded

Answer 56

Linear Nucleosome: first level of compaction; mainly histones Solenoid: helix with 6 nucleosomes per turn Higher Order: loops of 30 nm fiber around central scaffold

Answer 57

Highly compact | transcriptionally inactive

Answer 58

less compact | more heavily transcriptionally active

Answer 59

higher mutations found than nuclear DNA due to higher levels of oxidative damage from energy production 37 genes 16589 base pairs

Answer 60

mtDNA was once independent prokaryotes that were englufed

Answer 61

group of mutations

Answer 62

groups of similar patterns of haplotypes

Answer 63

``` found in mitochondria each can have several copies of same mtDNA maternal inheritance circular no chromatin no crossing over/recombination ```

Answer 64

``` found in nucleus 2 sets of chromosomes biparental inheritance chromatic structure crossing over and recombination ```

Answer 65

single stranded nucleic acid

Answer 66

carries instructions to make proteins

Answer 67

3 base pair anti-codon sequence with corresponding amino acid attached; assembles amino acids based on mRNA sequence

Answer 68

G, C, A, U (A - U) (T - A) (G - C)

Answer 69

binds to DNA template strand

Answer 70

noncoding sections of RNA; gene expression

Answer 71

coding sections of RNA

Answer 72

Introns removed; produces final mRNA sequence

Answer 73

exons spliced; can have different arrangement of exons

Answer 74

chains of amino acids

Answer 75

building blocks of cells; translated from RNA codons

Answer 76

transcribed from DNA sequence

Answer 77

Series of three nucleotides in a row which code for one amino acid Used by mRNA in transcription 64 different combinations

Answer 78

complimentary nucleotide sequence of three base pairs | Used by tRNA

Answer 79

chain of amino acids

Answer 80

Begin translation; AUH, GUG, UUG

Answer 81

End translation: UGA, UAA, UAG

Answer 82

DNA is transcribed to RNA which is translated to a protein

Answer 83

Carrying a message of protein instructions 1. DNA strands separate 2. RNA polymerase binds to DNA template strand 3. Produces pre-messenger RNA (mRNA) (Complimentary pairing; U instead of T) 4. RNA splicing 5. mRNA exits nucleus

Answer 84

Creation of polypeptide chains of Amino Acids 1. Ribosomes bind to mRNA in cytoplasm 2. Ribosomes match mRNA codons to anti-codons 3. Two tRNA enter ribosome 4. Amino acids attached to tRNAs connect tRNAs without amino acids and mRNA codons exit ribosome At end of mRNA strand, ribosome detaches

Answer 85

``` Structural Variants Transposons Minisatellites Microsatellites Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms ```

Answer 86

variation in gene number (copies/deletions/insertions)

Answer 87

enzyme acids in starch digestion; correlated with amylase protein production; populations with higher starch diets have more enzymes

Answer 88

Mobile and can move to other sections of genome; important for understanding human genetic diversity; more diversity = longer existence

Answer 89

300 bases long; more than 1 million in human genome | small part of its polymorphic has changes

Answer 90

repeating segments of DNA nucleotides (6-100 in length) | variable between humans and populations

Answer 91

can measure many locations in genome

Answer 92

identifying individuals by DNA Patterns

Answer 93

repeating nucleotides; 2-3 bases long Variability in number of repeats relatedness and diversity

Answer 94

changes in single nucleotide (deletion/ insertion/ mutation); serve no effect

Answer 95

different colors of rocks; showing relative position of strata and their relationship to the geological time scale

Answer 96

Variation in traits in a population; random Traits are heritble Overpopulation & Competition Differential reproductive success

Answer 97

speciation | artificial selection

Answer 98

``` species are immutable each created individually species all present at the beginning and now no common ancestor Earth is less than 10,000 years old ```

Answer 99

forms differ in anatomy but are similar in function

Answer 100

transmission of traits from one generation to the next

Answer 101

Unwoven DNA/ protein complex

Answer 102

arrangement of chromosomes by size and structure

Answer 103

region where mitotic spindles attach to the homologous chromosome

Answer 104

centromere near middle

Answer 105

centromere near the end

Answer 106

ends of chromosomes (contain tandem repeats)

Answer 107

small basic proteins

Answer 108

any heritable change in structure or amount of genetic material; only source of new genetic material

Answer 109

Individuals with advantageous characteristics will survive in higher number and produce more offspring; acts on phenotypes not genotypes

Answer 110

long stand of tightly coiled DNA

Answer 111

``` Mutation Selection Genetic Drift Gene Flow/Migration Assortative Mating ```

Answer 112

Non-random mating; purposefully selecting mates based on presence or absence of traits

Answer 113

choosing mates based on similar phenotypes

Answer 114

Choosing mates based on dissimilar phenotypes

Answer 115

Change in a single base pair

Answer 116

point mutation that does result in an amino acid change

Answer 117

Point mutation that does not result in an amino acid change

Answer 118

insertion or deletion of base pair that results in a rearrangement of sequencing triplets

Answer 119

can lead to non-functioning proteins

Answer 120

adaptations to make an organism more likely to attract a mate

Answer 121

produces variation through meiosis; offspring have unique combination of genes inherited by both parents

Answer 122

Microtubules that attach to chromosomes to separate them

Answer 123

protein shell that forms around a centromere where microtubules attach

Answer 124

membrane that forms around genetic material

Answer 125

divide sister chromatids

Answer 126

Body cells that are produced by mitosis (DNA copies into two exact copies of daughter cells)

Answer 127

Cell contains two complete sets of homologous chromosomes (2N = 46 chromosomes)

Answer 128

contain a single set of unpaired chromosomes (N = 23 chromosomes)

Answer 129

Sex cells produced by meiosis; haploid cells

Answer 130

Male and female gametes combine, forming zygote, produces variation through meiosis

Answer 131

Organizes microtubules (proteins); center point

Answer 132

site where crossing over occured

Answer 133

random orientation of homologous chromosomes during metaphase 1; chromosome pairs separate and move to opposite sides of cell

Answer 134

independent assortment and crossing over are random, produces multiple combinations of chromosomes and zygotes

Answer 135

Type of genetic drift When a small group of large population migrates to a new region Represents a subset of the total parent population diversity

Answer 136

Type of genetic drift When a population size is reduced very quickly Surviving population can have different allele frequencies Consequences: can dramatically reduce genetic variation of future populations to adapt to new selection pressures

Answer 137

no individual in the population has the allele 0% gene frequency Allele not passed down to next generation

Answer 138

All individuals in population have the allele state 100% gene frequency; no variation will continue to produce the same

Answer 139

exchange of genetic material; occurs during prophase of meiosis chromosomes connect along their length and are aligned with corresponding gene

Answer 140

division of the cytoplasm

Answer 141

separates two DNA Strands

Answer 142

stabilizing each strand

Answer 143

creates RNA strands for DNA polymerase to bind

Answer 144

assembles nucleotides onto stands

Answer 145

removes RNA primers

Answer 146

joins DNA strands together

Answer 147

conserves half of its DNA to make a copy from one strand

Answer 148

if bride settles with grooms family then it increases the mtDNA diversity

Answer 149

groom settles with brides family then the mtDNA diversity stays the same

Answer 150

height, redheads, IQ

Answer 151

(Neo-Darwinism) Multiple mechanisms for evolution DNA is basis of heredity and variation Small changes in DNA (microevolution) lead to larger changes (macroevolution)

Answer 152

Occurs during interphase; chromatids copied 1. Helicase separates and unwinds DNA which creates a DNA replication fork 2. Binding proteins prevent strands from rejoining 3. Primase makes RNA templates 4. DNA polymerase binds to RNA templates and adds nucleotides to DNA strand 5 - 3 direction Leading strand (5 - 3) Lagging strand ( 3 - 5) Primase creates RNA primer DNA polymerase binds to RNA primer, building small fragments 5. Exonuclease - removes RNA primers 6. DNA polymerase fills in gaps from RNA primers in 5 to 3 direction 7. Ligase - joins DNA strands together

Answer 153

sequenced from the template DNA on the lagging strand which goes from 3’-->5’ but because the direction of sequencing always has to go from 5’-->3’ the direction of sequencing for the NEW complimentary Okazaki fragment sequence is in the 5’-->3’ sequence. Sequencing direction always goes from 5’-->3’ direction but the sequencing direction refers to direction that the complementary strand that is being produced NOT the template strands.

Answer 154

is the pairing of two homologous chromosomes that occurs during meiosis. It allows matching-up of homologous pairs prior to their segregation, and possible chromosomal crossover between them. Synapsis takes place during prophase I of meiosis.

Answer 155

nondisjunction (homologous chromosomes do not separate correctly during meiosis) of sex autosomes, results in XXY of males

Answer 156

favors extreme forms of trait and causes an allele frequency shift in one direction

Answer 157

extreme versions of the trait favors (results in deviant allele frequencies)

Answer 158

favors average versions of trait; less allele frequency variation and deviance trait expression)

Answer 159

``` Two traits favored; balancing two or more forms of a trait in a population; maintaining polymorphism frequencies Heterozygote advantage (Aa has higher fitness) ```

Answer 160

allows multicellular organisms to grow from one cell; replace old cells; renew cell supply

Answer 161

Prophase; Prometaphase; Metaphase; Anaphase; Telophase

Answer 162

Environmental Reproductive timing Cultural barriers

Answer 163

movement of alleles between two populations through breeding

Answer 164

mutation that results in improper hemoglobin proteins reduce capacity to bind to oxygen; being a carrier helps prevent malaria

Answer 165

Depends on population size Smaller population: greater effect of genetic drift Larger population: less effect of genetic drift

Answer 166

Random change in allele frequency over time due to chance; can lead to random allelic fixation/loss

Answer 167

movement of alleles between two populations through breeding; caused by migration

Answer 168

insertion of deletion of a base pair

Answer 169

fitness of a phenotype depends on how common it is in a population; a higher fitness level = a higher chance at survival to reproduce; 1 is highest

Answer 170

Most mutations are neutral so selection does not act upon them