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PHSI 208 > Midterm #1 > Flashcards

Midterm #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Negative Feedback

A

the response counteracts the stimulus

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2
Q

Positive Feedback

A

the response reinforces the stimulus, sending variable farther from the setpoint

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3
Q

3 main body cavities

A 
Cranial Cavity
-	Brain
Thoracic Cavity
-	Lungs & Heart
Abdominopelvic Cavity
-	Gastrointestenal tract, liver, kidneys, spleen & female reproductive tract
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4
Q

Extracellular Fluid ECF

A 
1/3 total body fluid
17 litres
-	Interstitial fluid 13 litres
-	Plasma 3 litres
-	Transcellular fluid 1 litre
Mostly Na+, Cl-
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5
Q

Intracellular Fluid ICF

A

2/3 total body fluid
25 litres
- fluid inside cells
Most K+

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6
Q

Homeostasis

A

To maintain nearly constant conditions in the internal environment

  • Bodily functions
  • Chemical compositions
  • ECF is often called the internal environment
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7
Q

4 basic steps in feedback mechanism

A

Stimulus -> Receptor -> Control Centre -> Effector

  1. Senses parameter using sensor/receptor (needs stimulus)
  2. Compares the parameter to the set-point (normal range of function)
  3. Output signal to control centre
  4. Output signal from control centre then activates the effector to bring the parameter closer to the set-point
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8
Q

Four Main Cell types in the epidermis

A

Keratinocytes, melanocytes, Intraepidermal macrophages, tactile epithelial cells (Merkel cells)

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9
Q

Keratinization

A

process in which newly formed keratinocytes push from the stratum basale toward the outer layer of the epidermis, more keratin is accumulated

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10
Q

Keratinocytes

A
  • 90% of epidermal cells
  • Produce keratin
  • Protect underlying tissues
  • Also produce lamellar granules (water repellent sealant function)
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11
Q

Melanocytes

A
  • Produce pigment melanin
  • Melanin granules protect keratinocytes
  • Suseptable to UV damage
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12
Q

Intraepidermal Macrophage

A
  • Immune cells

- Recognize invading microbes and destroy

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13
Q

Tactile epithelial cell (Merkel Cells)

A
  • function is to detect touch sensations
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14
Q

Freckles

A

accumulation of melanin in patches and so are age spots

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15
Q

Mole

A

benign localization overgrowth of melanocytes

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16
Q

Albinism

A

a condition that the melanocytes of an individual fail to produce melanin

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17
Q

Vitiligo

A

(skin with irregular white spots) is a condition that an individual with partial or complete loss of melanocytes from patches of skin

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18
Q

Two types of skin wound healing

A

epidermal & deep wounds

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19
Q

Four phases of deep wound healing

A
  1. Inflammatory Phase
  2. Migratory Phase
  3. Proliferative Phase
  4. Maturation Phase
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20
Q

Inflammatory Phase

A
  • Blood clot

- elimination of microbes

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21
Q

Migratory Phase

A
  • Clot becomes a scab
  • 2-3 days after, fibroblasts migrate to injury
  • Fibroblasts produce structural molecules (scar tissue)
  • Angiogenesis (regrow of blood vessels
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22
Q

Proliferative Phase

A
  • Extensive growth of epithelial cells beneath scab
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23
Q

Maturation Phase

A
  • Degration of the scab

- Epidermis thickness restored to normal thickness

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24
Q

Integral membrane proteins

A

Tightly attached to the membrane

  • Lipid anchored proteins
  • Transmembrane proteins (channel)
25
Q

Peripheral membrane proteins

A

Loosely attached to the membrane (by the polar head or other proteins)

26
Q

Vesicular Transport

A

For macromolecules that are too large for protein mediated transport (channel) systems

27
Q

Epithelial Transport

A

moving substances across 2 membranes

28
Q

Apical Membrane

A

Surface of the singing facing the lumen of an organ

29
Q

Basolateral Membrane

A

Surface of the lining facing the extracellular fluid

30
Q

Paracellular Transport

A

Through junctions between adjacent cells

31
Q

Transcellular Transport

A

Through both the apical and basolateral membrane with the help of carrier proteins (channels) or by means of transcytosis

32
Q

Transcytosis

A

Combination of endocytosis, vesicular transport across the cytoplasmic space and exocytosis
Allow the transport of macromolecules, remain intact.

33
Q

Depolarization

A

Membrane potential becomes less -ve than the resting membrane potential

34
Q

Repolarization 

A

Membrane potential return back to

the resting membrane potential

35
Q

Hyperpolarization 

A

Membrane potential becomes more –ve than the resting membrane potential

36
Q

On Occasion Our Trusty Truck Acts Funny Very Good Vehicle Anyway

A

Mnemonic for 12 cranial nerves

37
Q

Some Say Marry Money. But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter More

A

Mnemonic for remembering which 12 cranial nerves are Sensory, Motor or Both

38
Q

Dendrites

A

Are thin branches (processes) of a neuron that receive incoming information from neighboring cell

39
Q

Axon

A

transmit electrical signals from the soma of a neuron to its presynaptic axon terminals where information is transformed from electrical to chemical and passes onto the neighboring cells

40
Q

Axonal Transport

A

transporting vesicles and mitochondria, produced by the nucleus within the soma, to the axon terminal and return the synaptic vesicle from the axon terminal back to soma for recycling

41
Q

Astrocytes

A

(CNS)
Provide neutrons with substrate for ATP production
Maintaining an appropriate environment for the generation of nerve impulses

42
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Myelin forming glial cells in CNS

43
Q

Microglia

A

Function as phagocytes and remove cellular debris (CNS)

44
Q

Ependymal cells

A

(CNS) Lining of the ventricular system of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord.

45
Q

Satellite cells

A

(PNS) Form supportive capsules around the cell bodies of the neurons in PNS which is known as ganglion
- Regulate the exchanges of materials between soma and interstitial fluid

46
Q

Ganglion

A

a cluster of nerve cell (mainly soma and dendrites) appear as a swelling structure along a nerve

47
Q

Schwann Cells

A

(PNS) Form Myelin sheath around axons

* A single PNS axon may have as manny as 500 different Schwann cells along its length

48
Q

Myelination

A

Myelin sheath insulates the axon of a neuron

- Increases speed and fidelity of nerve conduction

49
Q

Synapse

A

The region where an axon terminal communicates with its postsynaptic target cell

50
Q

Electrical synapse

A

Structural connection known as gap junction that forms a conductive link containing connexon channels

  • Each gap junction contains hundred or so connexions
  • Low electrical resistance for minimal delay
51
Q

Chemical Synapse

A

Use neurotransmitters to provide electrical continuity between adjacent cellsMajority of the neural synapses are the chemical synapses

52
Q

Neurocrine

A

Chemical signal in a form of neurotransmitter secreted by the neutron

53
Q

Ganglia

A

Groups of neuronal cell bodies outside the CNS

54
Q

Plexuses

A

Branching network of axons outside the CNS

55
Q

Dorsal root

A

carries sensory (afferent) information to CNS

IN

56
Q

Ventral root

A

carries motor (efferent) information to muscles and glands

OUT

57
Q

Spinal Cord white matter

A

Can be divided into columns which are the tracts of axons that transfer info up and down the spinal cord

58
Q

Ascending tracts

A

carry info up to the brain

59
Q

Descending tracts

A

carry mostly efferent (motor) info from the brain to the spinal cord

PHSI 208 (1 decks)

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