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PHSI 208 > Midterm #1 > Flashcards

Midterm #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Negative Feedback

A

the response counteracts the stimulus

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2
Q

Positive Feedback

A

the response reinforces the stimulus, sending variable farther from the setpoint

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3
Q

3 main body cavities

A 
Cranial Cavity
-	Brain
Thoracic Cavity
-	Lungs & Heart
Abdominopelvic Cavity
-	Gastrointestenal tract, liver, kidneys, spleen & female reproductive tract
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4
Q

Extracellular Fluid ECF

A 
1/3 total body fluid
17 litres
-	Interstitial fluid 13 litres
-	Plasma 3 litres
-	Transcellular fluid 1 litre
Mostly Na+, Cl-
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5
Q

Intracellular Fluid ICF

A

2/3 total body fluid
25 litres
- fluid inside cells
Most K+

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6
Q

Homeostasis

A

To maintain nearly constant conditions in the internal environment

  • Bodily functions
  • Chemical compositions
  • ECF is often called the internal environment
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7
Q

4 basic steps in feedback mechanism

A

Stimulus -> Receptor -> Control Centre -> Effector

  1. Senses parameter using sensor/receptor (needs stimulus)
  2. Compares the parameter to the set-point (normal range of function)
  3. Output signal to control centre
  4. Output signal from control centre then activates the effector to bring the parameter closer to the set-point
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8
Q

Four Main Cell types in the epidermis

A

Keratinocytes, melanocytes, Intraepidermal macrophages, tactile epithelial cells (Merkel cells)

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9
Q

Keratinization

A

process in which newly formed keratinocytes push from the stratum basale toward the outer layer of the epidermis, more keratin is accumulated

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10
Q

Keratinocytes

A
  • 90% of epidermal cells
  • Produce keratin
  • Protect underlying tissues
  • Also produce lamellar granules (water repellent sealant function)
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11
Q

Melanocytes

A
  • Produce pigment melanin
  • Melanin granules protect keratinocytes
  • Suseptable to UV damage
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12
Q

Intraepidermal Macrophage

A
  • Immune cells

- Recognize invading microbes and destroy

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13
Q

Tactile epithelial cell (Merkel Cells)

A
  • function is to detect touch sensations
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14
Q

Freckles

A

accumulation of melanin in patches and so are age spots

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15
Q

Mole

A

benign localization overgrowth of melanocytes

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16
Q

Albinism

A

a condition that the melanocytes of an individual fail to produce melanin

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17
Q

Vitiligo

A

(skin with irregular white spots) is a condition that an individual with partial or complete loss of melanocytes from patches of skin

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18
Q

Two types of skin wound healing

A

epidermal & deep wounds

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19
Q

Four phases of deep wound healing

A
  1. Inflammatory Phase
  2. Migratory Phase
  3. Proliferative Phase
  4. Maturation Phase
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20
Q

Inflammatory Phase

A
  • Blood clot

- elimination of microbes

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21
Q

Migratory Phase

A
  • Clot becomes a scab
  • 2-3 days after, fibroblasts migrate to injury
  • Fibroblasts produce structural molecules (scar tissue)
  • Angiogenesis (regrow of blood vessels
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22
Q

Proliferative Phase

A
  • Extensive growth of epithelial cells beneath scab
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23
Q

Maturation Phase

A
  • Degration of the scab

- Epidermis thickness restored to normal thickness

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24
Q

Integral membrane proteins

A

Tightly attached to the membrane

  • Lipid anchored proteins
  • Transmembrane proteins (channel)
25
Peripheral membrane proteins
Loosely attached to the membrane (by the polar head or other proteins)
26
Vesicular Transport
For macromolecules that are too large for protein mediated transport (channel) systems
27
Epithelial Transport
moving substances across 2 membranes
28
Apical Membrane
Surface of the singing facing the lumen of an organ
29
Basolateral Membrane
Surface of the lining facing the extracellular fluid
30
Paracellular Transport
Through junctions between adjacent cells
31
Transcellular Transport
Through both the apical and basolateral membrane with the help of carrier proteins (channels) or by means of transcytosis
32
Transcytosis
Combination of endocytosis, vesicular transport across the cytoplasmic space and exocytosis Allow the transport of macromolecules, remain intact.
33
Depolarization
Membrane potential becomes less -ve than the resting membrane potential
34
Repolarization 
Membrane potential return back to | the resting membrane potential
35
Hyperpolarization 
Membrane potential becomes more –ve than the resting membrane potential
36
On Occasion Our Trusty Truck Acts Funny Very Good Vehicle Anyway
Mnemonic for 12 cranial nerves
37
Some Say Marry Money. But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter More
Mnemonic for remembering which 12 cranial nerves are Sensory, Motor or Both
38
Dendrites
Are thin branches (processes) of a neuron that receive incoming information from neighboring cell
39
Axon
transmit electrical signals from the soma of a neuron to its presynaptic axon terminals where information is transformed from electrical to chemical and passes onto the neighboring cells
40
Axonal Transport
transporting vesicles and mitochondria, produced by the nucleus within the soma, to the axon terminal and return the synaptic vesicle from the axon terminal back to soma for recycling
41
Astrocytes
(CNS) Provide neutrons with substrate for ATP production Maintaining an appropriate environment for the generation of nerve impulses
42
Oligodendrocytes
Myelin forming glial cells in CNS
43
Microglia
Function as phagocytes and remove cellular debris (CNS)
44
Ependymal cells
(CNS) Lining of the ventricular system of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord.
45
Satellite cells
(PNS) Form supportive capsules around the cell bodies of the neurons in PNS which is known as ganglion - Regulate the exchanges of materials between soma and interstitial fluid
46
Ganglion
a cluster of nerve cell (mainly soma and dendrites) appear as a swelling structure along a nerve
47
Schwann Cells
(PNS) Form Myelin sheath around axons | * A single PNS axon may have as manny as 500 different Schwann cells along its length
48
Myelination
Myelin sheath insulates the axon of a neuron | - Increases speed and fidelity of nerve conduction
49
Synapse
The region where an axon terminal communicates with its postsynaptic target cell
50
Electrical synapse
Structural connection known as gap junction that forms a conductive link containing connexon channels - Each gap junction contains hundred or so connexions - Low electrical resistance for minimal delay
51
Chemical Synapse
Use neurotransmitters to provide electrical continuity between adjacent cellsMajority of the neural synapses are the chemical synapses
52
Neurocrine
Chemical signal in a form of neurotransmitter secreted by the neutron
53
Ganglia
Groups of neuronal cell bodies outside the CNS
54
Plexuses
Branching network of axons outside the CNS
55
Dorsal root
carries sensory (afferent) information to CNS IN
56
Ventral root
carries motor (efferent) information to muscles and glands OUT
57
Spinal Cord white matter
Can be divided into columns which are the tracts of axons that transfer info up and down the spinal cord
58
Ascending tracts
carry info up to the brain
59
Descending tracts
carry mostly efferent (motor) info from the brain to the spinal cord

PHSI 208 (1 decks)

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