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Biol 365: Animal Physiology > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What receptors cause depolarzation when bound to ligand?

A

Glutamate: NMDS, AMPA, kainte, Nicotinic acetylcholine recpetors, 5-HT3, P2X

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2
Q

What receptors cause hyperpolarization when boudn to ligand?

A

GABA and glycine

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3
Q

how does magnitude of graded potential respond to distance from open ion channel

A

The graded potential decreases with increasing distance from channel

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4
Q

causes of decrement in graded potential

A
  1. leakage of charged ions across membrane
  2. electrical resistance of cytoplasm
  3. electrical resistance of membrane
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5
Q

causes of decrement in graded potential

A
  1. leakage of charged ions across membrane
  2. electrical resistance of cytoplasm
  3. electrical resistance of membrane
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6
Q

3 characteristics of Action Potentials

A
  1. triggered by graded potential @ axon hillock, do not degrade over distance
  2. travel along distance along membrane
  3. all or none response
  4. MUST reach threshold to fire
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7
Q

3 phases of Action potential

A

depolarization, re-polarization and hyperdepolarization

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8
Q

3 phases of Action potential

A

depolarization, re-polarization and hyper-depolarization

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9
Q

is it possible to generate a new AP during teh absolute refactory period?

A

NO

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10
Q

is it possible to generate a new AP during the relative refractory period?

A

Yes but it is more difficult

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11
Q

How does inhibitory neurotransmitters effect the the axon?

A

The inhibitory neurotransmitter hyper polarizes the cell making it less likely to generate an AP

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12
Q

What neurotransmitters DO NOT have a degrative enzyme in the synaptic cleft?

A

GABA, glutamate,

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13
Q

These nerves carry sensory information into the central nervous system

A

Afferent

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14
Q

These Nerves carry motor information out the CNS

A

efferent: can be somatic or visceral

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15
Q

Movement of smooth muscle in the digestive system is controlled by _________ nerves

A

autonomic or visceral

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16
Q

rostal also means

A

anterior

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17
Q

caudal also means

A

posterior

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18
Q

CNS Ventricles

A

Cavities within the CNS where Cerebrospinal fluid circulates due to cilia

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19
Q

where is the pons located

A

rostral to the medulla

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20
Q

Pons

A
  1. Pathway between medulla, cerebellum and forebrain
  2. controls, alertness, initiates sleep and dreaming
  3. Linked to cerebellum: motor controls
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21
Q

CEREBELLUM

A

motor coordination and contains 50% of neurons int eh brain

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22
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

autonomic regulation: breathing, heartrate, dilation/contriction of blood vessels, blood pressure.

Many cross overs: left and right; sensory and motor

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23
Q

What part of the brain is response for the startle response to auditory or visual stimuli?

A

Midbrain

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24
Q

what parts of the brain make up the ‘brainstem’?

A

pons, medulla and midbrain

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25
another term for tectum (fish/amphibians)?
colliculi (mammals)
26
which is more rostral in humans the superior or the inferior colliculi?
Superior
27
How many pairs of cervical nerve cords are there?
8
28
how many pairs of thoracic nerve roots?
12
29
How many pairs of lumbar nerves roots?
5
30
How many pairs of sacral nerve roots?
5
31
Dermatome
territory innervate from single dorsal root ganglion and spinal nerve
32
Rapidly adapting afferents
after continued stimulation the AP become stable
33
Slow adapting afferents
continue to respond with AP for the duration of the stimulus.
34
Merkel Cell Afferents
- 0.5mm spatial resolution - slowly adapting - fingertips - points, edges and curvature= form and texture
35
Pacinian Afferent
- deep in dermis - rapidly adapting - MOST sensitive - >10mm spatial resolution - high frequency vibrations (5-1000Hz) - sense vibrations through an object
36
Meissner Afferent
- 3mm spatial resolution - rapidly adapting - low frequency vibrations (1-300Hz) - closest to skin surface - 4x more sensitive than merkel afferent - transduce info when texture object moves across skin=GRIP
37
Ruffini Afferent
- deep in skin - slowly adapting - >7mm spatial resolution - responsive to internally generated stimuli - gives accurate info on position and conformation - typing, playing piano , etc
38
Starting at the the surface of skin list the levels of Mechanoreceptors
1. Meissner 2. Merkel 3. Ruffini 4. Pacinian
39
If a pathway uses the nervouse system but only one kind of chemical messenger what kind of feedback is it?
First Order Feedback
40
IF a pathway uses Two chemical messenger but not an integration system what kind of Feedback is it?
Direct Feedback (secondary?)
41
What hormones does the Posterior pituitary release
oxytocin and vasopressin
42
Is the Posterior pituitary first order, second order or direct feedback?
First order
43
What kind of hormones does the anterior pituitary release?
tropic hormones that stimulate the release of another hormone from the target organ EG. ACTH (adrenocorticotropichormone)
44
Oxytocin Pathway
Stretch cells-> hypothalamus-->Postpituitary-->Oxytocin--> uterine contraction
45
is the oxytocin cervixe pathway positive or negative feedback?
Positive. Increased stretch leads to the release of more oxytocin that causes uterine contraction.
46
Insulin
Decreases blood glucose levels and is released when blood glucose is high
47
Glucagon
increases blood glucose levels and released when the blood glucose is low
48
what cells in the pancreas release glucagon?
alpha
49
what cells in the pancreas release insulin?
beta
50
the insulin binds to ___________recepetors
tyrosine kinase
51
what pathways does glucagon activate?
Adenylyl cyclase pathway(activates PKA by converting ATP to cAMP), PKA pathway (phosphorylates GPK) and GPK (breaks down glycogen to glucose)
52
GLUT1
all tissues, very high affinity and works at low concentrations
53
Glut2
expressed on surface of Beta cells, bidirectional transporter, low affinity and requiers a high concentration of glucose
54
Glut3
in brain, work constantly
55
Glut4
within muscle and fat tissues, when insulin binds it activates the pathway that phosphorylates GLUT4 causing it to translocate to the cell surface. UNIDIRECTIONAL (glucose in NOT out)
56
what diabetes is insulin dependent?
Type 1, beta cells are destroyed by immune system
57
when is the sympathetic nervous system most active?
Stress or exercise
58
what hormone does the adrenal medulla release
epinephrine
59
Epinephrine
targets tissues to increase blood glucose, increased glucagon by alpha cells and suppress beta cells.
60
what hormones does the adrenal cortex secrete?
cortisol and targets cells to increase blood glucose levels
61
what produces a greater response additivity or syngergism?
synergism (glucagon+epinephrine+cortisol)
62
what part of a neurons receives an incoming signal?
dendrites
63
what part of the neuron is responsible for signal integration?
axon hillock
64
What part of the neuron is responsible for signal transduction?
axon
65
depolarization
the membrane becomes more positive
66
hyperpolarization
the membrane becomes more negative
67
does potassium have a higher concentration inside or outside the neurons when it is at rest?
outside
68
what factors contribute to membrane potential?
1. distribution of ion channels across membrane 2. relative permeability of ions due to leak channels 3. charge of ions
69
ATP synthase
3NA+ outside | 2K+ inside
70
conductance approximates permeability and is the _______of resistance
g=1/R
71
equation for electrochemicl driving force
Ik=gk(Vm-Ek)
72
as positive ions move into the cell the current is
negative
73
as negative ions move out the cell the current is ______
negative current
74
as positive ions move out of the cell the current is ________
positive
75
name four ligand gated ions channels
GABA, glycine, nicotinic aceytlcholine
76
Capicitance
ability of a membrane to hold a charge when voltage difference between two surface
77
three features that determine teh capacitance of the membrane
1. material properties (ie. lipids, proteins, etc.) 2. area of the 2 conducting surfaces: larger area = larger capacitiance 3. thickness of the insulating layer: greater thickness= lower capacitance
78
Time constant
time over which the membrane reaches 37% of maximal value (hoe does it hold a charge)
79
variables that affect the time constant
resistance of cell membrane, capacitance of cell memebrane
80
a low resistance (rm) or low capacitance (cm) results in ....
a faster conduction, faster depolarization, capacitor fills up faster
81
increased resistance of intra/extracellular fluids=>>>>
decreased voltage over distance of axon
82
sodium and calcium voltage gated ion channels lead to
depolarization
83
opening of voltage gated potassium chanels lead to .....
hyperpolarization
84
how does the magnitude of a graded potential change within respect to distance from the ion channel?
graded potential decreases with increasing distance from the ion channel
85
longer membranes with larger cells have ______ resistance due to ______ leak channels
decreased resistance; greater leak channels | both impede the flow of ions through the cell
86
how does diameter of an axon effect conduction velocity?
as the diameter increases the conduction velocity increases
87
how does a low Rm effect the length constant and conductance speed
the length constant decreases; conductance speed decreases

Biol 365: Animal Physiology (1 decks)

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