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Biol 365: Animal Physiology > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What receptors cause depolarzation when bound to ligand?

A

Glutamate: NMDS, AMPA, kainte, Nicotinic acetylcholine recpetors, 5-HT3, P2X

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2
Q

What receptors cause hyperpolarization when boudn to ligand?

A

GABA and glycine

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3
Q

how does magnitude of graded potential respond to distance from open ion channel

A

The graded potential decreases with increasing distance from channel

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4
Q

causes of decrement in graded potential

A
  1. leakage of charged ions across membrane
  2. electrical resistance of cytoplasm
  3. electrical resistance of membrane
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5
Q

causes of decrement in graded potential

A
  1. leakage of charged ions across membrane
  2. electrical resistance of cytoplasm
  3. electrical resistance of membrane
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6
Q

3 characteristics of Action Potentials

A
  1. triggered by graded potential @ axon hillock, do not degrade over distance
  2. travel along distance along membrane
  3. all or none response
  4. MUST reach threshold to fire
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7
Q

3 phases of Action potential

A

depolarization, re-polarization and hyperdepolarization

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8
Q

3 phases of Action potential

A

depolarization, re-polarization and hyper-depolarization

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9
Q

is it possible to generate a new AP during teh absolute refactory period?

A

NO

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10
Q

is it possible to generate a new AP during the relative refractory period?

A

Yes but it is more difficult

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11
Q

How does inhibitory neurotransmitters effect the the axon?

A

The inhibitory neurotransmitter hyper polarizes the cell making it less likely to generate an AP

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12
Q

What neurotransmitters DO NOT have a degrative enzyme in the synaptic cleft?

A

GABA, glutamate,

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13
Q

These nerves carry sensory information into the central nervous system

A

Afferent

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14
Q

These Nerves carry motor information out the CNS

A

efferent: can be somatic or visceral

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15
Q

Movement of smooth muscle in the digestive system is controlled by _________ nerves

A

autonomic or visceral

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16
Q

rostal also means

A

anterior

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17
Q

caudal also means

A

posterior

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18
Q

CNS Ventricles

A

Cavities within the CNS where Cerebrospinal fluid circulates due to cilia

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19
Q

where is the pons located

A

rostral to the medulla

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20
Q

Pons

A
  1. Pathway between medulla, cerebellum and forebrain
  2. controls, alertness, initiates sleep and dreaming
  3. Linked to cerebellum: motor controls
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21
Q

CEREBELLUM

A

motor coordination and contains 50% of neurons int eh brain

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22
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

autonomic regulation: breathing, heartrate, dilation/contriction of blood vessels, blood pressure.

Many cross overs: left and right; sensory and motor

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23
Q

What part of the brain is response for the startle response to auditory or visual stimuli?

A

Midbrain

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24
Q

what parts of the brain make up the ‘brainstem’?

A

pons, medulla and midbrain

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25
Q

another term for tectum (fish/amphibians)?

A

colliculi (mammals)

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26
Q

which is more rostral in humans the superior or the inferior colliculi?

A

Superior

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27
Q

How many pairs of cervical nerve cords are there?

A

8

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28
Q

how many pairs of thoracic nerve roots?

A

12

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29
Q

How many pairs of lumbar nerves roots?

A

5

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30
Q

How many pairs of sacral nerve roots?

A

5

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31
Q

Dermatome

A

territory innervate from single dorsal root ganglion and spinal nerve

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32
Q

Rapidly adapting afferents

A

after continued stimulation the AP become stable

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33
Q

Slow adapting afferents

A

continue to respond with AP for the duration of the stimulus.

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34
Q

Merkel Cell Afferents

A
  • 0.5mm spatial resolution
  • slowly adapting
  • fingertips
  • points, edges and curvature= form and texture
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35
Q

Pacinian Afferent

A
  • deep in dermis
  • rapidly adapting
  • MOST sensitive
  • > 10mm spatial resolution
  • high frequency vibrations (5-1000Hz)
  • sense vibrations through an object
36
Q

Meissner Afferent

A
  • 3mm spatial resolution
  • rapidly adapting
  • low frequency vibrations (1-300Hz)
  • closest to skin surface
  • 4x more sensitive than merkel afferent
  • transduce info when texture object moves across skin=GRIP
37
Q

Ruffini Afferent

A
  • deep in skin
  • slowly adapting
  • > 7mm spatial resolution
  • responsive to internally generated stimuli
  • gives accurate info on position and conformation
  • typing, playing piano , etc
38
Q

Starting at the the surface of skin list the levels of Mechanoreceptors

A
  1. Meissner
  2. Merkel
  3. Ruffini
  4. Pacinian
39
Q

If a pathway uses the nervouse system but only one kind of chemical messenger what kind of feedback is it?

A

First Order Feedback

40
Q

IF a pathway uses Two chemical messenger but not an integration system what kind of Feedback is it?

A

Direct Feedback (secondary?)

41
Q

What hormones does the Posterior pituitary release

A

oxytocin and vasopressin

42
Q

Is the Posterior pituitary first order, second order or direct feedback?

A

First order

43
Q

What kind of hormones does the anterior pituitary release?

A

tropic hormones that stimulate the release of another hormone from the target organ EG. ACTH (adrenocorticotropichormone)

44
Q

Oxytocin Pathway

A

Stretch cells-> hypothalamus–>Postpituitary–>Oxytocin–> uterine contraction

45
Q

is the oxytocin cervixe pathway positive or negative feedback?

A

Positive. Increased stretch leads to the release of more oxytocin that causes uterine contraction.

46
Q

Insulin

A

Decreases blood glucose levels and is released when blood glucose is high

47
Q

Glucagon

A

increases blood glucose levels and released when the blood glucose is low

48
Q

what cells in the pancreas release glucagon?

A

alpha

49
Q

what cells in the pancreas release insulin?

A

beta

50
Q

the insulin binds to ___________recepetors

A

tyrosine kinase

51
Q

what pathways does glucagon activate?

A

Adenylyl cyclase pathway(activates PKA by converting ATP to cAMP), PKA pathway (phosphorylates GPK) and GPK (breaks down glycogen to glucose)

52
Q

GLUT1

A

all tissues, very high affinity and works at low concentrations

53
Q

Glut2

A

expressed on surface of Beta cells, bidirectional transporter, low affinity and requiers a high concentration of glucose

54
Q

Glut3

A

in brain, work constantly

55
Q

Glut4

A

within muscle and fat tissues, when insulin binds it activates the pathway that phosphorylates GLUT4 causing it to translocate to the cell surface. UNIDIRECTIONAL (glucose in NOT out)

56
Q

what diabetes is insulin dependent?

A

Type 1, beta cells are destroyed by immune system

57
Q

when is the sympathetic nervous system most active?

A

Stress or exercise

58
Q

what hormone does the adrenal medulla release

A

epinephrine

59
Q

Epinephrine

A

targets tissues to increase blood glucose, increased glucagon by alpha cells and suppress beta cells.

60
Q

what hormones does the adrenal cortex secrete?

A

cortisol and targets cells to increase blood glucose levels

61
Q

what produces a greater response additivity or syngergism?

A

synergism (glucagon+epinephrine+cortisol)

62
Q

what part of a neurons receives an incoming signal?

A

dendrites

63
Q

what part of the neuron is responsible for signal integration?

A

axon hillock

64
Q

What part of the neuron is responsible for signal transduction?

A

axon

65
Q

depolarization

A

the membrane becomes more positive

66
Q

hyperpolarization

A

the membrane becomes more negative

67
Q

does potassium have a higher concentration inside or outside the neurons when it is at rest?

A

outside

68
Q

what factors contribute to membrane potential?

A
  1. distribution of ion channels across membrane
  2. relative permeability of ions due to leak channels
  3. charge of ions
69
Q

ATP synthase

A

3NA+ outside

2K+ inside

70
Q

conductance approximates permeability and is the _______of resistance

A

g=1/R

71
Q

equation for electrochemicl driving force

A

Ik=gk(Vm-Ek)

72
Q

as positive ions move into the cell the current is

A

negative

73
Q

as negative ions move out the cell the current is ______

A

negative current

74
Q

as positive ions move out of the cell the current is ________

A

positive

75
Q

name four ligand gated ions channels

A

GABA, glycine, nicotinic aceytlcholine

76
Q

Capicitance

A

ability of a membrane to hold a charge when voltage difference between two surface

77
Q

three features that determine teh capacitance of the membrane

A
  1. material properties (ie. lipids, proteins, etc.)
  2. area of the 2 conducting surfaces: larger area = larger capacitiance
  3. thickness of the insulating layer: greater thickness= lower capacitance
78
Q

Time constant

A

time over which the membrane reaches 37% of maximal value (hoe does it hold a charge)

79
Q

variables that affect the time constant

A

resistance of cell membrane, capacitance of cell memebrane

80
Q

a low resistance (rm) or low capacitance (cm) results in ….

A

a faster conduction, faster depolarization, capacitor fills up faster

81
Q

increased resistance of intra/extracellular fluids=»»

A

decreased voltage over distance of axon

82
Q

sodium and calcium voltage gated ion channels lead to

A

depolarization

83
Q

opening of voltage gated potassium chanels lead to …..

A

hyperpolarization

84
Q

how does the magnitude of a graded potential change within respect to distance from the ion channel?

A

graded potential decreases with increasing distance from the ion channel

85
Q

longer membranes with larger cells have ______ resistance due to ______ leak channels

A

decreased resistance; greater leak channels

both impede the flow of ions through the cell

86
Q

how does diameter of an axon effect conduction velocity?

A

as the diameter increases the conduction velocity increases

87
Q

how does a low Rm effect the length constant and conductance speed

A

the length constant decreases; conductance speed decreases

Biol 365: Animal Physiology (1 decks)

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