Midterm 1 Flashcards
3 ethics pillars
- confidentiality
- informed consent
- right to withdraw
Elements of consent form
- Nature of research
- activities
- time duration
- identity of researcher + contact info
- risks
- voluntary
- can withdraw
- access to more info
- sign to indicate agreement
Qual research
Understand human action through systematic study & analysis
Article 3.7
Alter consent requirements:
- minimal risk
- impossible to do research w consent
- unlikely to affect welfare
- alteration defined
- debriefing afterward w participant
Types of deception
- not told participating in study
- misled about purpose of study
- not aware of correct identity of researcher
Ethics checklist
- How to explain purpose of inquiry/methods
- why should researched participate in project
- in what ways will research do harm
- confidentiality
- informed consent
- who will access data
- how hard will u push for data
- what ethical framework informs your work & ensures sensitivity beyond what is required by law
Field research
Systematic study of ordinary activities in settings they occur
Goal: to understand these activities & what they mean
How: listen, interact, observe to collect data
Research process
For qual, start at step 4 but then go back
Step 3 is important
- Identify problem
- Think about cause of prob
- Define concepts
- Go to field
- Reflect on theory
- Publicize results
- Replicate results
Building literature in Qual research
If non statistically significant, will publish anyway
Considerations when selecting research topic
Practicality - time & interpersonal set (status may affect access)
Accessibility - open vs closed space
Familiar vs unfamiliar research topics
3 Sampling Methods Qual
Purposive
-pre selected criteria relevant to research Q — if answer pops up x number of times, you have reached theoretical saturation point & may stop
Quota
-how many ppl with what characteristics to include such as membership surveys
Snowball
-access hidden populations through social networks
Difficulties with Field Research
Entry
Gatekeepers
Informed consent
Field relationships
Paradigm
Basic set of belief that guides actions
Guides field research
Inherent belief about how works works
- Post positivist paradigm
- Interpretive paradigm
- Critical paradigm
- Quan techniques but use some qual to seek understanding
- Understand personal experiences, samples & seek meaning
- Critical of what it studies - personal experiences
Interviews
Issue-oriented
Usually 1 session
Focus on specific topic
Goal: gain rich qual data on topic researching from ppl who are expects on the topic
3 types of interview
Unstructured
-go out in field with topic, ask 1 or 2 short Q’s, informed consent form
Structured
-standardized, follow Q’s exactly & don’t include ur opinion
Semi-structured
-flexibility while maintaining some structure of interview process
Before interview
During
End
- get Q’s together & goal
- rapport, fluid w interview guide, markers & probes, notes on everything
- leave after, be thankful for their time
Interview guide
Sets out Q’s or themes to cover – greeting, prompt, questions & conclusion
Focus group
Multiple ppl interviewed together ( no more than 12)
Moderator asks & gets ind answers around table
Monitor push or pull of convo & group interaction
Analyzing focus group data
Individual level
-pull out quotes, probes & markers
Group level
- group narrative, key parts of discussion, reactions, interaction
- ask rowdy/interruptive participants to leave
Ethnography
Holistic understanding of how individuals in different cultures & sub cultures make sense of their reality
Field notes, interviews, forms
Understand sub-populations, gov, institutions
When is ethnography appropriate
- in depth understanding of social context
- particular culture individuals engage in
- particular set of behaviours
Positivist theory
Interpretive theory
Critical theory
- Quan method & semi structure, no observation or ethnography
- Describe & understand social reality, middle ground, likes ethnography
- Describe, understand & propose solutions, mixed methods, ethnography + quan
Role in setting as ethnographer
Complete participant
Participant as observer
Observer as participant
Complete observer
Challenges with Ethnography
Access to setting Risk Time ( time consuming) Budget Realistic research Q
Observational Research
Qual technique done in field
Takes place over long time
Can be done on its own or with another quan / Qual method
When is Observation useful?
Gain info on unaltered behaviour
Understanding of culture
Study previously un-researched issue
Accuracy of reported behaviour
Two Types Observational Research
- Non participant
- no interaction or informed consent, observational table, field notes, long time - Participant
- part of community, can be minimal or extensive(pol sci in middle), memos & jotted notes
- allows for greater contextual understanding, greater access, detailed
Structured vs Unstructured Observation
Structured
-table or checklist, comparative research, quantification
Unstructured
-detailed field notes, follow events as unfold, go beyond initial variables
Methods of Recording Observation
Observation Guide
-printed form, comparative
Observation Table/Checklist
-record behaviour or frequency of it, raw data (like Lab 3)
Field Notes
- raw notes, date, location
- brief description in narrative
What to Observe?
From broad (spaces, objects, actors, events, activity) to detailed (gender, age, interaction, race, body language, social status, etc)
