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Midterm #1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is psychology?

A

The study of mental behaviours and processes

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2
Q

What are the 4 goals of psychology? Curious George examples?

A

Describe - DESCRIBE an image of Curious George
Explain - WHY does Curious George like the yellow hat?
Predict - WHEN will Curious George put the hat on?
Control - bring desired outcomes (ex. putting Curious George in prison)

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3
Q

What are the levels our thoughts are influenced by?

A

Brain - neuronal activity, structure
Person - content of mental processes (ex. intelligence, personality)
Group - social environment/culture

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4
Q

What did Hippocrates contribute to psychology?

A

suggested physicla and psychological health is determined by 4 bodily fluids, recognized importance of good food/fresh air/rest, identified the brain as the organ of mental life as opposed to the heart

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5
Q

What did Socrates/Plato contribute to psychology?

A

concluded that the mind and body are distinct and that knowledge is innate, or existing from the time of birth

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6
Q

What did Aristotle contribute to psychology?

A

one of the first to promote empirical/testable investigations of the world

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7
Q

What did Francis Bacon contribute to psychology?

A

creator of empiricism (that knowledges originates in experience), mind is distinct from the body

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8
Q

What did John Locke contribute to psychology?

A

tabula rasa - the mind is a blank slate at birth, acquire all knowledge through experience

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9
Q

What did Johannes Muller contribute to psychology?

A

researchers need to study relationship between physical stimuli and their psychological effects

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10
Q

What did Herman van Helmholtz contribute to psychology?

A

first to measure the speed of a nerve impulse and discovered that they occur over time not instantaneously, thought and movement are linked but not the same

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11
Q

What did Gustav Fechner contribute to psychology?

A

founder of experimental psychology, discovered evidence of the relationship between physical and mental events - moves psychology closer to quantified science

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12
Q

What did Charles Darwin contribute to psychology?

A

theory of evolution (all life on Earth originated from common ancestral point), natural selection (chance variations are adaptive and beneficial so they thrive and reproduce)

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13
Q

What did Wilhelm Wundt contribute to psychology?

A

opened 1st psych lab, studied consciousness and the idea of will, developed voluntarism and introspection

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14
Q

What is voluntarism?

A

the theory that much of human behaviour is motivated and that attention is focused for a purpose

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15
Q

What did Edward Titchener contribute to psychology?

A

formed structuralism

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16
Q

What is structuralism?

A

studies the structure of the conscious experience, looking at the individual parts

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17
Q

What is introspection?

A

“looking inward”, careful evaluation of mental processes and the expansions of simple thoughts into ideas through self-observation/reflection

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18
Q

What are the flaws of structuralism?

A

failed to incorporate animals and abnormal behaviour

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19
Q

What did William James contribute to psychology?

A

functionalism

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20
Q

What is functionalism?

A

considers how mental process function to adapt to change

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21
Q

What is Gesalt Psychology?

A

“the whole is grater than the sum of its parts”, studied illusions and errors in perception

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22
Q

What are the scientific principles?

A
  1. the universe operates according to certain laws

2. these laws are discoverable and testable

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23
Q

What is deductive reasoning?

A

reasoning proceeding from broad principles narrowing down to specific situations (theory - predictions - observation/experiment)

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24
Q

What is inductive reasoning?

A

reasoning starting from specific situations broadening to general truths (observation/experiment - predictions - theory)

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25
What is hypothetico-deductive reasoning?
process of modern science, starts with an educated guess and then designing observations to support/invalidate hypothesis (hypothesis - observation/experiment - support/invalidate: theory)
26
What is a theory?
an idea about a law that governs phenomena
27
What is a hypothesis?
general statement about the way variables relate that is objectively falsifiable
28
What is a primary difference between pseudo-psychology and psychology?
psychology does not claim to address all human issues
29
What does operationalize mean?
to develop a working definition of a variable that allows you to test it
30
What is random selection?
identifying a sample in a way that everyone in the population of interest has an equal chance of being in the study
31
What are the 3 types of descriptive research methods?
case study, surveys, naturalistic observation
32
What is a descriptive research method?
studies that allow the researchers to demonstrate a relationship between variables without specifying a casual relationship
33
What is a case study?
study focused on one person
34
What is naturalistic observation?
researchers directly observe people in a study behaving as they normally would?
35
What is the Hawthorne Effect?
people who are being observed in studies change their behaviour because they are being watched
36
What are 3 flaws of surveys?
1. can't display the direction of the relationship between variables 2. can't guarantee the understanding of the question identically to each participant 3. people may answer in a socially acceptable way (participant bias)
37
What is the double-blind procedure?
study in which neither the participant or the researcher knows what treatment/procedure the participant is receiving
38
What is the correlation coefficient?
statistic expressing the strength and nature of a relationship between 2 variables
39
What is positive vs negative correlation?
positive correlation - 2 variables increase together | negative correlation - 1 variable increases while the other decreases
40
What is replication?
repeated testing of a hypothesis to ensure that the achieved results are not by chance
41
What are things that research ethics boards require that psychologists do to protect participants?
obtain informed consent, protect from harm/discomfort, protect confidentiality, voluntary participation, no use of deception, provide debriefing
42
What is the difference between descriptive and inferential statistics?
descriptive stats are used to describe and summarize data, inferential statistics are used to draw conclusions about data
43
What is ungrouped vs group frequency distribution?
ungrouped - a count of the times each specific data point appears in a set grouped - a count of the times specific data points fall into a range of values in a set
44
What are measures of central tendency?
numbers used to summarize data sets
45
What is the mean?
average (sum of numbers divided by # of numbers)
46
What is the median?
the midpoint of a set of data
47
What is the mode?
most frequently occurring value (can have multiple)
48
What are measures of variability?
indicators to tell how different the values are within a data set
49
What is the range?
the difference between largest and smallest value in the data set
50
What is positively skewed distribution vs negatively skewed distribution?
positive- mostly lower values | negative - mostly higher values
51
Who is credited as the founder of psychology?
Wilhelm Wundt
52
What are 2 founding disciplines for psychology?
philosophy and science
53
What are the 2 Schools of Thought?
structuralism and functionalism
54
What is the difference between a research question and a hypothesis?
research question - don't know the cause/effect relationship, exploring variables hypothesis - cause/effect relationship between variables
55
What is an extraneous variable?
variable that affects someone's judgement that is not a part of the experiment
56
What is the placebo effect?
response to manipulation due to expectations not manipulation
57
What is the difference between a full experiment and a quasi experiment?
a full experiment draws from the full population whereas a quasi experiment draws from a limited group
58
What does the correlation research method give us?
relationship between variables but not cause and effect
59
What is variance and how do you calculate it?
the degree to which values in data differ from the mean value - (score-mean)^2
60
What is normal distribution?
a symmetrical bell shaped curve in which scores are mostly in the middle with fewer on the extreme ends
61
What are measures of association?
descriptive statistics that quantify and summarize the degree of association between variables
62
What is the product-moment correlation coefficient?
a statistic indicating the degree of association or relationship between 2 variables, ranging from -1 - +1
63
What is the coefficient of determination?
the degree to which values on one variable can be predicted knowing the values of the other variable
64
What is standard deviation?
a statistical index of how much scores vary within a group (square root of variance)
65
What is the difference between an alternative hypothesis and a null hypothesis?
an alternative hypothesis is where it is found that there is a difference in average performance between groups, a null hypothesis is when there is no difference in performance between groups
66
What is the significance level?
the level of risk researchers would be willing to take in terms of making an incorrect conclusion
67
What is effect size?
size of the difference between two or more variables

PS101 (3 decks)

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