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Global Health 203 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define what is the difference between public health and global health?

A

Public Health: the overarching holistic approach to health. Mainly human health
Global Health: The focus of the health of all things in the world: countries, communities, ecosystems, the planet.

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2
Q

What is considered the country level low income?

A

$1,025/year or less

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3
Q

What is considered the country level lower middle income?

A

$1,026-$4,035/year

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4
Q

What is considered the country level upper middle income?

A

$4,036-$12,475/year

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5
Q

What is considered the country level high income?

A

$12,476/year and above

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6
Q

When was the Millenium Development Goals revised and what is the new term for the development goals?

A

2015; Sustainable Development Goals (SDG’s)

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7
Q

What is the difference between hunger and hidden hunger?

A

Hunger: the uneasy/painful sensation caused by lack of food.
Hidden Hunger: missing micronutrients in a sufficient caloric diet. Typically not apparent with regular clinical assessments.

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8
Q

Name 3 determinants of health

A

-family resources, food insufficiency, health care risks, genetic risks, obesity, behaviors, access to health services, exercise risks

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9
Q

Infant Mortality Rate

A

A number of deaths of infants under the age of 1/ 1000 live births in a year.

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10
Q

Life Expectancy at Birth

A

The average number of years a newborn is expected to live

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11
Q

Maternal Mortality Rate

A

How many women die from pregnancy and childbirth

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12
Q

Neonatal Mortality Rate

A

Infants dying less than 28 days old

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13
Q

Under Five Mortality Rate

A

The probability that a newborn will die before the age of 5.

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14
Q

HALE

A

Health-adjusted life expectancy.

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15
Q

Global Burden of Disease

A

leading causes of death

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16
Q

DALY

A

Disability-adjusted life expectancy

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17
Q

are non-communicable diseases a higher cause of mortality in low-income countries or high-income countries?

A

high-income countries

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18
Q

3 Leading causes of DALY’s for low-income countries

A

1) prenatal complications; 2) Lower respiratory infections; 3) cardiovascular disease

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19
Q

3 leading causes of DALY’s for high-income countries

A

1) heart disease; 2) vascular disease; 3) depressive disorders.

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20
Q

Should policymaking be idea-driven or data-driven?

A

data-driven

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21
Q

worldwide, what is the leading cause of death?

A

cardiovascular disease

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22
Q

In the Kerela case study, how was Kerela able to make progress in public health?

A

By promoting women’s rights and empowering them. They also targeted vulnerable groups and provided them with free primary and secondary education. Health care was also provided.

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23
Q

how are health and economics linked?

A

Health status promotes productivity of workers, which leads to a more successful economy.

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24
Q

How does nutrition lead to a successful economy?

A

your nutrition affects your health status, which affects your productivity. Productivity is a main driver of economics.

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25
Q

how many generations may it take to weed out the effects of malnutrition?

A

up to 3 generations

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26
Q

Iron deficiency and adult productivty case study showed that iron has what effect on productivity?

A

Increased (to safe levels) of iron have a positive impact on adult productivity. Increased blood hemoglobin.

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27
Q

Bill and Melinda Gates 3 myths

A

1) saving lives leads to overpopulation; 2) poor countries stay poor; 3) foreign aid is a big waste

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28
Q

what is the relationship between education and health?

A

typically more educated people are healthier

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29
Q

what kind of relationship exists between a healthy population and economic development?

A

a positive correlation between healthy population and increased economic growth.

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30
Q

what is zoonosis/zoonotic diseases?

A

a disease or infection that is naturally transmissible between vertebrate animals and humans.

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31
Q

Describe diseases from tropical areas? (virulence, presence,etc)

A

there are few to no major diseases from tropical areas. They are typically slow and chronic to which few convey immunity to (malaria) and are typically passed through an animal vector.

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32
Q

Stages of animal disease transformation to endemic human disease (hint: 5 steps)

A

1) only in animals; 2) primary infection; 3) limited outbreak; 4) long outbreak; 5) exclusively human

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33
Q

how is population density correlated with disease outbreaks?

A

more disease outbreaks occur when the population is greater.

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34
Q

Symptoms of arsenic poisoning

A

development of dark spots on the skin, hardening of skin into nodules.

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35
Q

what can water act as a vector for?

A

Disease and heavy metal transmission

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36
Q

how do doctors in South Africa make decisions on who receives dialysis and who doesn’t?

A

1) do they have a good social standing? 2) Are they obese? 3) have they ever abused drugs or do they have a criminal record? and more. Only category one patients are considered for dialysis.

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37
Q

Premodern demographic birth/death rates

A

High birth rate/high but fluctuating death rate

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38
Q

Urbanizing/Industrialization demographic birth/death rates

A

High birth rate/ high but declining death rates

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39
Q

Mature industrialization demographic birth/death rates

A

declining birth rate/declining death rate

40
Q

Post industrialization demographic birth/death rates

A

low but fluctuating birth rate/ low death rate

41
Q

momentum

A

high young population keeps reproduction in movement as they become older. Tendency for population to continue to grow even after fertility has decreased to replacement level

42
Q

reasons to have children

A

labor, care in older age, replacing dying children, culture, religion, government rewards.

43
Q

reasons to not have children

A

labor no longer needed, time/effort of raising them, women wanting to be educated/work, ability to give kids a better life if you have fewer.

44
Q

Normal E. Borlaug

A

analyzed wheat seeds to produce most effective strains/ helped to start the green revolution in India

45
Q

how will we feed 9 billion people?

A

1) close the yield gap; 2)increase yield potential; 3) reducing waste; 4) expand aquaculture

46
Q

benefits of GMO’s

A

1) prolonged photosynthesis; 2) increased photosynthetic efficiency, 3) advanced tolerance to stress

47
Q

Fall back to GMO’s

A

go against some religions/beliefs of the public.

48
Q

by how many degrees has the earth warmed in the past 100 years?

A

0.85 degrees C

49
Q

How can changing diets to a more plant-based diet help the environment?

A

less CO2 released into the atmosphere, foods more locally consumed (less waste)

50
Q

how much CO2 is in the atmosphere right now?

A

400 ppm

51
Q

what continues to be a sustainable way to increase development reduce poverty?

A

agriculture.

52
Q

What are the roles agriculture plays to increase development?

A

1) it plays an economic role (29% of GDP); 2) it is a way of life; 3) plays a role of environmental services.

53
Q

How does agriculture impact agriculture-based countries?

A

agriculture is a large part of the economy (32% GDP), many of Africa’s poorest citizens live in agriculture-based countries

54
Q

How does agriculture impact transforming countries?

A

agriculture no longer plays as big of a role in the general population, but many of poorest people in these nations live in rural agricultural areas

55
Q

how does agriculture impact urbanized countries?

A

contributes to the lowest amount of economic growth. Poverty is mostly in urban areas.

56
Q

can countries move up the ranks? (agricultural based–> transforming–> urbanized?)

A

yes

57
Q

what is meant by the phrase “Heterogeneity defines the rural world”?

A

small and larger markets interact to create a successful economy. Larger markets and pathways allow for ways out of poverty in small markets.

58
Q

what are ways that agriculture can be used for economic growth?

A

agricultural production determines the price of food, which determines the price of wages and the competitiveness of sectors.

59
Q

what is to blame for the failure of agricultural development?

A

Policies that underinvest in agriculture and put taxes on it. Focuses on the development of urbanization cannot occur without progress in agriculture.

60
Q

name three core assets to farmers

A

land, water, and human capital

61
Q

where is the greatest lack of farming assets in the world?

A

Sub-Saharan Africa

62
Q

Is smallholder farming or larger market farming the best way out of poverty and why?

A

Smallholder farming because it is more sustainable and productive, and quality is higher

63
Q

limited access to (blanks) are why yield gaps and poverty persist

A

technology, information, education, credit, markets

64
Q

Overall, have returns on agricultural investment been poor, good, or excellent?

A

good

65
Q

What does WHO stand for?

A

World health organization

66
Q

What does UNICEF stand for?

A

children’s funds and supporting women

67
Q

What does UNAIDS stand for?

A

aids funds. prevalence of aids has increased

68
Q

UNFPA

A

fund for population activities

69
Q

Multilateral development banks

A

Banks that will loan other countries money if they are in trouble, ex: world bank, Asian Development Bank, Inter-American bank

70
Q

Bilateral agencies

A

“bilateral”=”two-way streets”. They work with individual countries to fund different initiatives to improve global health. (Dutch development program, Danish international development agency, USAID)

71
Q

what does NGO stand for?

A

non-governmental agency

72
Q

are only a few types of agencies involved in global health or are more involved?

A

Global health is a global effort. In order to get anywhere we need more agencies involved.

73
Q

statistics vs epidemiology?

A

Epidemiology: the study of the patterns in disease and health in defined populations
statistics: the analysis, interpretation, presentation, and organization of date.

74
Q

Prevalence vs incidence?

A

prevalence: the number of specific cases at a specific point in time
incidence: the number of new disease cases in a specific period of time.

75
Q

explain system organization

A

ecosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism, organ, tissue, cell, molecule, atom

76
Q

boundary

A

Limit, something that separates system from “context”.

77
Q

context

A

The larger thing a boundary is a part of

78
Q

components

A

a subunit of a system.

79
Q

Relationships

A

what makes the system unique. How components interact with each other.

80
Q

Inputs

A

comes from context into the system

81
Q

outputs

A

leaves system into context

82
Q

emergent properties

A

phenomena that can’t be explained in individual parts, need to look at the whole system in order to understand the phenomena.

83
Q

what are two approaches needed to have a well-rounded and successful view of global health?

A

reductionist and holistic

84
Q

explain eutrophication

A

nutrients fill water sources, oxygen becomes depleted, life forms die creates hypoxia (dead zones)

85
Q

Hypoxia

A

dead zones in water due to eutrophication

86
Q

industrial agriculture pro’s

A

highly efficient, more control, maximization of product, less competition with crops through the use of fertilizers and pesticides

87
Q

cons of industrial agriculture

A

more greenhouse gas emissions, loss of genetic resources and diversity, eutrophication, human health impacts, soil erosion

88
Q

Agroecology

A

the science of agricultural production that favors ecology.

ex; growing crops already adapted to the environment, biological nitrogen fixation (manure, composts).

89
Q

How many servings of grains should you consume a day? and how much does this cost?

A

6-11; $0.15

90
Q

How many servings of vegetables should you have a day? and how much does this cost?

A

3-5; $0.24

91
Q

How many servings of fruit should you have a day? and how much does this cost?

A

2-4; $0.39

92
Q

How many servings of protein should you have a day? and how much does this cost?

A

2-3; $0.71

93
Q

How many servings of dairy should you have a day? and how much does this cost?

A

2-3; $0.59

94
Q

True or false: Height is not an indicator of wealth and education in Brazil and the US

A

False. Height is an indicator of education and health. The more educated you are the healthier you tend to be.

95
Q

what did the Indonesian case study show with regards to the utilization of health services?

A

Fees in treatment areas rose, while other areas stayed constant. Fewer people used higher priced treatment. With the decrease in health care, labor force decreased and so did education.

96
Q

describe diseases from temperate areas

A

not chronic, convey immunity to survivors, mostly come from domestic animals

Global Health 203 (1 decks)

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