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Child Psychology > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

stage theories

A

Approaches that propose taht development involves a series of discontinuous, age related phases

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2
Q

cognitive development

A

The development of thinking and reasoning

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3
Q

Scientific Method

A

An approach to testing beliefs that involves choosing a question, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and drawing the conclusion

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4
Q

hypothesis

A

educated guess

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5
Q

reliability

A

the degree to which independent measurements of a given behavior are consistent

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6
Q

interrater reliability

A

the amount of agreement int he observations of different raters who witness the same behavior

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7
Q

test-retest relability

A

the degree of similarity of a child’s performance on two or more occasions

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8
Q

validity

A

the degree to which a test measures what it is intended to measure

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9
Q

internal validity

A

the degree to which effects observed within experiments can be attributed to the factor that the researcher is testing

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10
Q

external validity

A

the degree to which results can be generalized beyond the particulars of research

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11
Q

nurture

A

the environments, both physical and social that influence our development

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12
Q

epigenetics

A

the study of stable changes in gene expression that are mediated by the environment

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13
Q

socioeconomic status

A

a measure of social class based on income and education

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14
Q

structured interview

A

a research procedure in which all participants are asked to answer the same questions

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15
Q

naturalistic observation

A

examination of ongoing behavior in an environment not controlled by the researcher

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16
Q

three contexts of gathering data

A

interview, naturalistic observation, structured observation

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17
Q

correlational designs

A

studies intended to indicate how two variables are related to each other

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18
Q

correlation

A

the association between two variables

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19
Q

disadvantages to to correlational studies

A

direction of causation problem, third variable problem

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20
Q

direction of causation problem

A

the concept that a correlation between two variables does not indicate which, if either, variable is the cause of the other

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21
Q

third-variable problem

A

the concept that a correlation between two variables may stem from both being influenced by some third variable

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22
Q

cross-sectional studies

A

children of different ages are compared on a given behavior or characteristic over a short period

23
Q

longitudinal designs

A

same children are studied twice or more over a substantial length of time

24
Q

microgenetic design

A

a method of study in which the same children are studied repeatedly over a short period

25
Q

periods of prenatal development

A

germinal, embryonic, fetal

26
Q

germinal period

A

0-2 weeks begins with conception and lasts until the zygote becomes implanted in the uterine wall

27
Q

embryonic period

A

3-8 weeks, major development takes place through cell division, cell migration, cell differentiation, and cell death (apoptosis)

28
Q

fetal period

A

9 weeks to birth, continued development of physical structures and rapid growth of the body, increased levels of behavior, sensory experience, and learning

29
Q

phylogenetic continuuty

A

idea that because of our common evolutionary history, humans share many characteristics, behaviors, and developmental processes with other animals, especially mammals

30
Q

identical twins

A

twins that result from the splitting in half of the zygote, resulting in each of the two resulting zygotes having exactly the same set of genes

31
Q

fraternal twins

A

twins that result when two eggs are released from the fallopian tube at the same time and are fertilized by two separate sperm, fraternal twins only have one half of their genes in common

32
Q

neural tube

A

a groove formed in the top layer of differentiated cells in the embryo that eventually becomes the brain and spinal cord

33
Q

amniotic sac

A

a transparent, fluid filled membrane that surrounds and protects the fetus

34
Q

placenta

A

support organ; keeps circulatory systems of fetus and mother separate, but semipermeable membrane permits the exchange of some nutrients from mother to fetus and CO2 and waste from fetus to mother

35
Q

umbilical cord

A

a tube containing the blood vessels connecting the fetus and the placenta

36
Q

cephalocaudal development

A

the pattern of growth in which areas near the head develop earlier than areas further from the head

37
Q

habituation

A

a simple form of learning that involves a decrease in response to repeated or continued stimulation

38
Q

teratogen

A

an external agent that can cause damage or death during prenatal development

39
Q

sensitive period

A

the period of time during which a developing organism is most sensitive to the effects of external factors; prenatally, the sensitive period is when the fetus is maximally sensitive to the harmful effects of teratogens

40
Q

dose-response relation

A

a relation in which the effect of exposure to an element increases with the extent of exposure (prenatally, the more exposure a fetus has to a potential teratogen , the more severe its effect is likely to be)

41
Q

fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)

A

the harmful effects of maternal alcohol consumption on a developing fetus. Involves a range of effects including facial deformities, mental retardation, attention problems, hyperactivity, and other defects

42
Q

state

A

level of arousal and engagement in the environment , ranging from deep sleep to intense activity

43
Q

rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

A

an active sleep state characterized by quick, jerky movements under closed lids and associated with dreaming in adults

44
Q

non-REM sleep

A

a quiet or deep sleep state characterized by the absence of motor activity or eye movements and more regular, slow brain waves, breathing, and heart rate

45
Q

colic

A

excessive, inconsolable crying by a young infant for no apparent reason

46
Q

low birth weight

A

a birth weight of less than 5.5 pounds

47
Q

premature

A

any child born at 35 weeks after conception or earlier (compared to 38 weeks)

48
Q

small for gestational age

A

babies who weigh substantially less than is normal for whatever their gestational age

49
Q

regulator genes

A

genes that control the activity of other genes

50
Q

polygenic inheritance

A

inheritance in which traits are governed by more than one gene

51
Q

norm of reaction

A

all the phenotypes that can theoretically result from a given genotype in relation to all the environments in which it can survive and develop

52
Q

behavior genetics

A

the sicence concerned with how variation in behavior and development results from a combination of genetic and environmental factors

53
Q

multifactorial

A

refers to traits that are affected by a host of environmental factors as well as genetic ones

Child Psychology (2 decks)

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