Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 225 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

A cell is…

A
  • The vehicle for hereditary information
  • Includes the machinery to gather its own raw materials
  • Has the ability to replicate and pass on its genetic material
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Z.Janssen and H.Janssen (1590)

A

1st compound microscope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Robert Hooke (1665)

A
  • Described chambers in cork
  • Coined the term cell
  • Wrote Micrographia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Antoine Van Leeuwenhoek (1673)

A

Made his own microscopes (300x)

First to observe and describe living cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Schwann and Schleiden’s Cell Doctrine

A
  1. All life forms are made from one or more cells

2. Cell is the basic unit of structure for all organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Virchow’s addition to the cell doctrine

A
  1. All cells arise ONLY from pre-existing cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Spontaneous generation

A

The theory that living material can spontaneously arise from non-living material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Francesco Redi (1625-1697)

A
  • Performed experiments that proved that maggots do not spontaneously arise from meat
  • 1 jar w/ just meat, 1 jar covered in gauze, 1 jar covered in paper
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

John Needham (1713-1781)

A
  • Boiled mutton to remove microbes, put it in a flask, let the flask cool, and stoppered it.
  • There was bacterial growth in the flask
  • Problem: Microbes entered before the flask was stoppered
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729-1781)

A
  • Same experiment as Needham, but he stoppered the flasks before boiling.
  • There was no growth **
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Louis Pasteur (1822-1885)

A
  • Elongated the neck of the flask of one, but not of the other. The elongated flask had no growth, but the other one did.
  • Rabies vaccine, Pasteurization
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Acellular

A

Exceptions to the typical cell definition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Acellular: Eg. Viruses

A
  • Can’t harvest their own nutrients

- Can’t reproduce on their own

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Acellular: Eg. Liposomes

A
  • Don’t divide

- Created artificially

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

1/10 cell features

A

All cells store their hereditary information in the same linear chemical code (DNA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

2/10 cell features

A

All cells replicate their hereditary information by templated polymerization (semi-conservative replication)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

3/10 cell features

A

All cells transcribe portions of their hereditary information into the same intermediary information (RNA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

4/10 cell features

A

All cells use proteins as catalysts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

5/10 cell features

A

All cells translate RNA into proteins in the same way

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

6/10 cell features

A

The fragments of genetic information corresponding to one proteins is one gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

7/10 cell features

A

Life requires free energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

8/10 cell features

A

All cells function as biochemical factories dealing with the same basic molecular building blocks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

9/10 cell features

A

All cells are enclosed in a plasma membrane across which nutrients and waste materials must pass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

10/10 cell features

A

A living cell CAN exist with fewer than 500 genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Limit of resolution for a light microscope

A

200nm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Resolution =

A

0.61(wavelength) / NA (nsinø)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

EMR wavelength =

A

0.004nm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Why do we use light with shorter wavelength?

A

Because we are more likely to see every detail

-Skipping rope example

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Brightfield

A

See almost nothing b/c light passes through the sample

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Brightfield (stained)

A

Increase contrast by staining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Fluorescence

A

Shows specific molecules. Fluorescent substances absorb UV radiation and emit light.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Phase contrast

A

Increase contrast by amplifying variations in refractive index

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Differential interference contrast

A

Uses optical mods to amplify variations in refractive index

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Confocal

A

Uses lasers and optics to focus a beam of light on one part of a specimen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Fluorescent microscopy

A
  • Absorbs light at a low wavelength
  • Emits light at a high wavelength
  • Dichromic mirror: Below certain wavelength, mirror reflects light
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)

A

Can be inserted into a reporter gene or made into a fusion protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Gene regulation

A

Determine which cells make what proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

3 domains of life

A

Archaea
Bacteria
Eukaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Why are cells so small?

A

To increase their Surface Area : Volume ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Unicellular

A

“One celled” organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Multicellular

A

Have different types of cells for different functions

42
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A
  • Compartmentalized for organization and transport

- These compartments are called organelles

43
Q

Mass culture

A

Large population of cells

44
Q

Clonal culture

A

Genetically identical- Have a known genetic lineage

45
Q

Axemic culture

A

Only one species grown

46
Q

Cells are grown in 3 ways:

A
  • Suspended in a liquid
  • Suspended in a semi-solid (Ex: <0.5% agar)
  • Plated on a semi-solid (Ex: 1-2% agar)
47
Q

Anchorage dependent

A

Normal cells

-Requires attachment to extracellular matrix material

48
Q

Growth factor dependent

A

Normal cells

-Signals telling it when to grow or die etc.

49
Q

Contact inhibited

A

Normal cells

  • Stop dividing because of growth factor
  • Form monolayer at confluence
50
Q

Have a finite lifespan

A

Normal cells

-Divide to their Hayflick limit

51
Q

Anchorage independent

A

Transformed cells

52
Q

Growth factor independent

A

Transformed cells

53
Q

Not contact inhibited

A

Transformed cells

54
Q

Can grow indefinitely

A

Transformed cells (Ex: Cancer cells)

55
Q

Eagle’s Basal Medium

A

Widely used synthetic basal medium for growing cells

56
Q

Amino acids and Vitamins in the medium

A

Cofactors for enzymes

57
Q

Salts

A

Maintain osmolarity

58
Q

Glucose

A

Food source

59
Q

Penecillin and Streptoman

A

Kill bacteria

60
Q

Phenol red

A

pH mediator

61
Q

Step 1 of culture

A
  • Use whole organism or obtain tissue

- Requires dissection, vivisection, or euthanasia

62
Q

Step 2 of culture

A

Disaggregate the sample into single cells

  • Mechanical disruption: blender or homogenizer
  • Enzymatic disruption: proteases like trypsin
63
Q

Step 3 of culture

A

Place cells in a suitable environment

  • Eagle’s Basal medium or equivalent
  • Key factors: Water, Temp, Aeration, Nutrients
64
Q

First Human Cell Culture

A
  • George Gey
  • Small biopsy of cervical tumour
  • Culture grew and grew and grew
  • Called them HeLa cells (after Henrietta Lacks)
  • HeLa cells are immortal, can grow easily, and do not always behave expectedly
65
Q

Cryobiology

A

Studies the effects of low temperatures on organisms or the use of cryopreservation

66
Q

Advantages of cryopreservation

A
  • Biological backups: Cells of interest always available
  • Repetitions of the same experiment
  • “Suspended animation”- Stops biological time
67
Q

Disadvantages of cryopreservation

A
  • Some loss of viability in thawing
  • Cryoprotectants required b/c of slow rate of freezing
  • Some cryoprotectants are dangerous to handle
  • Always side effects on the cells
68
Q

Polge, Smith, and Parkes (1949)

A
  • Initial discovery of cryopreservation

- Used chicken spermatozoa with glycerol as the protectant

69
Q

Covalent bonds

A
  • Shared electron pairs- Strongest bonds

- Ex: Backbones of polymers, DNA, RNA

70
Q

Electrostatic bonds

A
  • Charge to Charge interactions

- Strength depends on nature of charges, distance between them, and dielectric constant (what’s between them)

71
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A
  • Strong bonds that are essential for life

- Ex: Water, Base pair bonding in DNA

72
Q

Van der Waal’s interactions

A
  • Close together, then things repel
  • Far away, then things attract
  • At the Van der Waal’s contact distance, experience these interactions
73
Q

Water

A
  • Hydrogen bonding
  • Electrostatic interactions with ionic solutes
  • Polar molecule
  • Interacts favourably with other polar molecules (Hydrophilic)
74
Q

Proteins (general)

A
  • Most versatile macromolecules (many functions)

- Catalyze reactions, Motility, Transport, Signalling, Hormonal, Defense

75
Q

Conformation

A

Spatial arrangement of atoms in a protein

76
Q

Native state

A

Lowest energy state of a protein

77
Q

Dalton (unit of mass)

A

g/mol

78
Q

R-groups

A

Amino acid side chain

79
Q

Amino acids

A
  • Properties are determined by the R-group

- L-isomer is only form found in proteins by ribosomes

80
Q

Absolute configuration

A

L or D (left and right) isomers

  • H interchanges with an NH3 group
  • Aldehyde group interchanges with Carboxyl
  • BUT R group NEVER changes
81
Q

Non-polar amino acids

A 
Glycine 
Alanine
Valine
Leucine 
Isoleucine
Methionine
Phenylalanine
Tryptophan 
Proline
82
Q

Polar uncharged amino acids

A 
Serine
Threonine
Cysteine
Tyrosine
Asparagine
Glutamine
83
Q

Polar charged amino acids

A 
Aspartate
Glutamate
Lysine
Arginine
Hystidine
84
Q

Peptide bonds (general)

A

Amino acids covalently linked with peptide bonds

-Amino acid terminus (N-term) and Carboxyl (C-term)

85
Q

Primary structure (1°)

A
  • Includes all covalent bonds and is defined by the amino acid sequence
  • The linear sequence of amino acids in a protein
86
Q

Secondary structure (2°)

A
  • Regular repeating structure adopted by a polypeptide
  • Arranged in motifs (supersecondary structure)
  • Ex: Helices
87
Q

Tertiary structure (3°)

A
  • How everything is arranged in a single protein

- Weaker bonds

88
Q

Quaternary structure (4°)

A

-How everything is arranged in a multiple protein

89
Q

Ribonuclease experiment

A

-Showed that amino acid sequence contains all info needed to fold chain into the correct 3D structure

90
Q

Nucleic acids

A
  • Information storage
  • DNA (hereditary information)
  • Carriers of chemical energy (NADH, ATP, NADPH)
91
Q

Central dogma of micro

A

DNA –> RNA –> Protein

92
Q

Nucleic acid composition

A
  • Nitrogenous base
  • A pentose sugar
  • 1 or more phosphate groups
93
Q

Why are nucleosides not nucleotides?

A

Nucleosides lack the phosphate group

94
Q

Polynucleotides

A
  • Many nucleotides linked by phosphodiester bonds

- Can be single (ssDNA) or double (dsDNA) stranded

95
Q

Purines- Nucleic acids

A

Adenine

Guanine

96
Q

Pyrimidines- Nucleic acids

A

Thymine
Cytosine
Uracil

97
Q

B-DNA structure (normal DNA structure)

A
  • Double, right-handed helix
  • 2 anti-parallel strands
  • Bases inside
  • Phosphodiester bonds outside
  • Hydrogen bonded
98
Q

B-DNA characteristics

A
  • Negative charge b/c of phosphate groups
  • Not completely stable
  • Proteins can interact w/ bases in grooves
99
Q

Chargaff

A

Discovered that amount of A=T, and C=G

100
Q

Watson-Crick base pairing

A
  • H-bonds form between G-C and A-T (or U)

- Also called canonical base pairing

Biology 225 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions