Midterm 1 Flashcards
What are some examples of neutral detergent fiber (NDF)? What is it?
Hemicellulose
Cellulose
Lignin
All fibrous portions of feed
What are considered acid detergent fibers (ADF)?
Cellulose
Lignin
How would you determine the relative feed value (RFV)?
Subtract the acid detergent fiber from the neutral detergent fiber…so you would be left with hemicellulose basically
What are some examples of insoluble carbohydrates of feed and what must occur to this before they can be utilized as an energy source?
Cellulose
Hemicellulose
Lignin
Must be fermented
What are some sources of fiber?
Grasses
Legumes
Forbs
What is non-protein nitrogen (NPN)?
Nitrogenous compound not made from amino acids
What are the sources of non-protein nitrogen?
Urea
Melamine
How do ruminants use non protein nitrogen to create protein? Can non-ruminants do this?
The rumen bacteria.
No
Why is Melamine bad?
It is toxic!
Which micromineral is required for ruminants to make B-12?
Cobalt
Which non-digestible compounds found in plants do ruminants utilize very efficiently?
Hemicellulose
Cellulose
Humans is to appendix as non-humans are to _______.
Cecum
What type of fiber is indigestible to all animals?
Lignin
Why is a higher neutral detergent fiber (NDF) correlated with lower feed intake?
Since it is insoluble, It sits in the rumen longer, taking up space, not allowing more food to enter the rumen .
What is the major difference between NDF and ADF?
NDF includes hemicellulose
ADF does not include hemicellulose
Which value, NDF or ADF, is better correlated with the digestibility of feed?
ADF tell you the portions of feed that are not digestible (cellulose and lignin) and is inversely related to the digestibility so it correlates better.
Which important nutrient does the relative feed value ignore?
Protein!
RFV=NDF-ADF (no protein, just fiber)
What is the relative feed quality?
It takes into account the TDN or quality of the fiber/forage.
Why is pelleting forage advantageous?
Increase the surface area aka digestibility, palatability and storage time of forage.
When would you want to supplement ruminants with vitamin B?
If there was a problem with the rumen and the microbes in rumen were not producing the vitamin
Which vitamins are reduced in hay stored for a long time?
Vitamin E and A
What is the limiting factor when it comes to the digestibility of feed?
Fiber
What is the total digestible nutrients (TDN) of feed?
The digestible energy (DE) in feed which is the percent of feed digested and not lost in feces
How much TDN do livestock animals need for maintenance?
50%
What kind of feed has the highest TDN? Lowest?
Highest at 90% is grain
Lowest at 45% is straw
Good hay in the middle at 60%
What is gross energy (GE)?
Metabolized energy (ME)V?
Net Energy?
Amount of energy in feed consumed by animal.
Energy actually used from what was digested.
Energy left for use after the loss of heat produced from cellular metabolism.
How much of digestible energy (DE) consists of metabolizable energy (ME)?
82%
What are soluble carbohydrates? Examples.
Carbs that don’t need to be fermented in order to be utilized for energy.
Grains, starches, and sugars
What are insoluble carbohydrates? Examples.
Need to be fermented in order to be utilized for energy.
Fiber
In a traditional milk feeding system, how much is fed dairy calves?
8-10% of body weight
What is calf starter?
Ration fed at weaning to help rumen development- growth is proportional to starter intake.
At what age are dairy calves at weaning?
60 days, but can be cheaper to do it earlier
How much starter should calves be consuming at weaning?
1.5 to 2 lbs per day
What does colostrum consist of that is so important for calf health?
Antibodies Lactoferrin Cytokines IgF IgG Immune cells (B cells, T cells, neutrophils)
What are calves called that do not get adequate colostrum?
Failure of passive transfer calves
What are the main goals of dairy calf development?
Rapid rumen development
Lean muscle mass
Optimal fat deposition
Optimal health
Why do dairymen chose to feed milk replacer rather than whole milk?
- Biosecure..less chance to transfer disease
- Less change of spoil, easier to store
- Don’t want to feed away the product
What effect does cold temperatures have on a calf’s nutritional requirements?
Higher energy requirement to keep themselves warm=higher nutrient needs
What is the difference between an accelerated versus traditional milk replacer program?
Calves get double amount of milk and put on weight faster.
What is the effect of feeding a higher protein milk replacer?
Increased feed efficiency and weight gain
How are protein requirements affected when calves are rapidly gaining weight?
Increases
If calves are fed a high fat milk replacer on starter intake what should/could occur?
Grain intake should decrease
Too much fat is bad for rumen microbiome and can cause sick calves
How are dairy calves weaned?
- 3 days in row of 1.5-2lbs starter feed before weaning
- Cut milk replacer by 50% and feed it once per day for week
- After week, stop milk replacer if calf eating enough starter
- Lots of fresh water
- Don’t dilute milk replacer
How does excessive fat deposition in heifers at 3-10 months age affect future milk production?
- Fat invades mammary gland which reduces milk production
2. Fat in pelvic canal cause calving problems
What is a ration?
Food provide to animal to eat and not always same as what animal actually eats
What information is needed to formulate/evaluate a ration?
Age, breed, sex, stage of production, ingredient availability, and cost.
What are examples of forages?
Grass
Hay
Alfalfa
Forbs
What are concentrates?
Oats
Wheat bran
Molasses
Corn
What are by-product feeds?
Brewers grain
Hulls
Corn meal
Soybean meal
Why is dry matter intake lower when poor quality forage fed?
Sits inside rumen for longer so animal feels full and won’t eat enough.
What is a transition cow?
3 weeks before to 3 weeks after calving
What is dry cow?
Not lactating and starts approximately two months before calving.
When does peak milk production occur?
Mid-lactation about 8-10 weeks post calving
How do cow-calf ranchers in oregon make money?
Sale calves
Which calves on ranch make the most money?
The heaviest calf with the best quality meat and born the earliest.
How does nutrition affect reproductive efficiency?
Repro is first to go and last to return with improper nutrition.
Delayed estrus or no estrus and lower ovulation and conception rates with thin cows.
What is thew body condition scoring range for beef, dairy cattle, sheep, and horses?
Beef: 1-9
Dairy:1-5
Sheep:1-5
Horses:1-5
What are the reproductive consequences of low BCS at prior to and after calving?
- Delayed onset of estrus
- Decreased ovulation and conception rates
- Reduce milk production
- Reduce rebreeding rates
What type of supplement is most beneficial for beef cows (energy,protein)?
Protein
What % of a cow’s body weight can a cow consume on high quality?
1.5%
What common forage is high in calcium?
Legumes
Alfalfa has a ton but 20-33% is unavailable
What types of problems are seen when phosphorus is deficient?
Reproductive issues
Which mineral may be lacking when normally black cattle have a reddish tint to their hair color?
Copper
Which micromineral is most of OR notoriously deficient in?
Selenium
Why is blue salt blue?
Cobalt
Which two metabolic diseases are exacerbated by high potassium forages?
- Hypomagnesemic
2. Milk fever
What diagnostic method is most reliable to diagnose micromineral deficiencies?
Liver biopsy
Which vitamin is usually supplemented in cattle feed?
Vitamin A for cattle exposed to winter feed.
Mineral block or injection.
What is the primary feed source for sheep?
Forage..pasture usually
During which phases of the annual cycle is meeting the energy and protein requirements of breeding female sheep critical?
Late pregnancy and early lactation
What is a “jug” in reference to lambing?
An individual pen for the ewe and lamb; allows bonding so ewe doesn’t reject lamb.
When are good times to perform BCS in sheep?
- 4-6 weeks before breeding
- 6 weeks before lambing
- Weaning
What is the purpose of “flushing” ewes?
Increase body condition in order to increase ovulation rate.
How is crude protein in feed determined by a feed lab?
Nitrogen content x 6.25
How much dry matter does a sheep eat expressed as a percentage of body weight?
2.5-3%
What is creep feeding as it pertains to lambs?
Lambs on pasture early so they can eat higher quality forage first or feeding feed that is 18-20% natural protein, low in fiber, and highly palatable.
Why is it unnecessary to precess (steam flake, roll, crimp, grind) grains for sheep?
They chew their food like cows..ruminant.
What are the advantages of pelleting feed for sheep?
- Reduce waste
- Easy to store
- Can’t sort through it
Which energy currency is used when evaluating horse rations?
Digestible energy (DE)
How many Mcal of energy would a 1200 lbs horse require for maintenance at moderate temperatures?
Mcal DE/day=1.4+0.03x(kg body weight)
1200/2.2=545.5kg
Macal DE/day=1.4+0.03x(545.45kg)
=17.8 mcals per day
If the available hay fed a horse that needed 17.8 Mcal per day contained 0.83 Mcal/pound, how many pounds of hay would be required to meet energy needs?
17.8/0.82=21.5 lbs of hay
If hay was in short supply but oats were readily available, what are the minimum pounds of hay required on a daily basis for a 1200 lb horse? (hay is 90% dry matter)
Find 1% of body weight: 1200 x0.01=12
12/0.9=13.3 lbs required
If you had good quality hay (100% dry matter), what is the maximum number of pounds of hay a 1200 lb horse could consume per day?
Find 3% body weight: 1200 x 0.03=36
36 x 0.1=36 lbs is max
What type of feeds have the highest energy density?
Fats and oils
For which state of growth in a horse would hay be insufficient to meet nutrient requirements?
Lactating, growing, debilitated, or hard working horses.
Why would a diet with an energy density of 0.9 Mcal/lb contain 8% CP (crude protein) whereas a diet providing 1.3 Mcal/lb contains 11.4% CP knowing that 0.88% CP is required per 0.1 Mcal?
- 1.3 Mcal/0.1 Mcal= 13
- 13 x 0.88=11.4
- The ratio should be 0.88 CP per 0.1 Mcal
- 0.9 Mcal/0.1 Mcal=9
- 9 x 0.88= 8
Which vitamin should be supplemented when feeding horses a high fat diet?
Vitamin E
What are two reason why lipids are essential in a horse’s diet?
- Helps absorb vitamins like A, D, E, and K
2. Source of fatty acids like linoleic acid
How are swine physiologically/anatomically adapted to utilize limited amounts of fiber in their diet?
Monogastrics and can’t ferment fibers like ruminants
Why are replacement gilts fed differently than market gilts?
Market gilts are slaughtered at a young age so don’t need to worry about nutrition for long term management while replacement gilts will not live longer and reproduce if they are too fat.
Why should female swine receive a restricted diet immediately after breeding?
It increases fetal survival
Why should female swine be given full feed for two weeks prior to breeding?
Like flushing in sheep, helps increase ovulation.
As pigs grow from energy to a finisher, what occurs to the protein or CP % requirements?
Decrease from 18% to 15%
Why is lysine so important in swine diets?
LImiting amino acid as they can not make it themselves .
What are the effects of over conditioning pregnant sows?
East less during lactation and bad for piglets.
What occurs if gestating swine have a low BCS?
- Decreases breed back
2. Fetal programming
What is fetal programming?
Fetal programming refers to the process by which an acute or chronic stimulus in utero (i.e., in the uterus) establishes a permanent response in the fetus that impacts physiologic function later in life.
Why do swine ration reports give total phosphorus and available phosphorus?
Pig have limited ability to digest phosphorus from plants (total) while available phosphorus is from animal origin and is more available for pig to absorb and use.
What are the benefits to feeding some fiber to late gestation swine?
- Reduced constipation
- Cause build up of gram + bacteria which mess with milk production and cause sickness.
If you overfed late gestating swine, what will happen to them during early lactation?
Their appetite will decrease
Why is it difficult to get low BCS sows pregnant after weaning?
They don’t ovulate and can’t get pregnant
How many lbs of corn/soybean lactation diet would feed a sow with 13 pigs nursing?
A sow need 4 lbs for herself and 1 lb per piglet:
4 + 13(1)=17 lbs
What steps can pork producer take to increase feed intake in lactating sows?
- Room temp at 63F
- Feed multiple time a day
- Fresh water
- 10-12 hours light which reduces melatonin=less sleep=more eating=more milk=heavy litters
Which vitamin can be stored in the liver for 3-4 months?
Vitamin A
Which vitamins can be found in green feeds?
Vitamins A and E
Which vitamins are fat soluble and generally don’t need to be supplemented?
Vitamins A, D, E, and K
Which vitamin is synthesized from glucose in all animals except humans, salmon, primates, and guinea pigs?
Vitamin C
Which vitamin must be supplemented to non-ruminants?
Vitamin B
In which animals is does fermenting bacteria convert cobalt into vitamin B12?
Ruminants, horses, and pseudo ruminants
In which animals does giving cobalt as a B12 supplement not make sense?
Non-ruminants like cats, dogs, humans because don’t have bacteria to convert cobalt into B12.
T/F: Animals have nutritional wisdom especially when it comes to minerals.
False, they don’t except with salt.
Which minerals should be in a trace mineral mixture?
Salt
Selenium
Iodine
Cobalt
Why can ruminants eat moldy hay like red clover hay when horses can’t?
Toxins are neutralized in the rumen while the toxins are absorbed in horses before they can be fermented/neutralized in the hindgut.
Why do rabbits eat their poop (coprophagy)?
Hindgut fermenters which consume poop to recover lost microbial protein
Why do legumes have higher nitrogen and protein compared to other grasses?
They can turn the atmosphere into protein via bacteria on the roots called Rhizobia AKA nitrogen fixation
How is fat measured?
Ether extract
Which animal requires high fat content in their diet?
Cats
How much fat can ruminants consume in their diet?
6-7% of ration
What are bypass fats?
Fats coated in formalin in order to pass through rumen and be digested without being fermented.
What is the difference between tallow and lard?
Tallow comes from ruminants while lard comes from swine. Lard is more unsaturated with a lower boiling point.
How is protein in a ration calculated?
Using nitrogen in a Kjeldahl test where 1% nitrogen=6.25% crude protein, so 16% nitrogen would equal 100% crude protein.
What are the relative percentages of CP in soybean, cottonseed, and linseed meal?
SBM: 50%
CSM: 40%
LSM: 30%
Soybean has most protein while linseed has the lowest, buy the absolute lowest is straw.
What substance is used in ruminant diets to produce protein?
Urea as it is 282% CP
What is non-protein nitrogen (NPN)?
Protein licks provided to ruminants
What are by-pass proteins?
Designed to pass through rumen without being fermented and allows for 100% to be absorbed in Sm. Intestine.
