Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Animal Nutrition > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are some examples of neutral detergent fiber (NDF)? What is it?

A

Hemicellulose
Cellulose
Lignin
All fibrous portions of feed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are considered acid detergent fibers (ADF)?

A

Cellulose

Lignin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How would you determine the relative feed value (RFV)?

A

Subtract the acid detergent fiber from the neutral detergent fiber…so you would be left with hemicellulose basically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are some examples of insoluble carbohydrates of feed and what must occur to this before they can be utilized as an energy source?

A

Cellulose
Hemicellulose
Lignin

Must be fermented

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are some sources of fiber?

A

Grasses
Legumes
Forbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is non-protein nitrogen (NPN)?

A

Nitrogenous compound not made from amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the sources of non-protein nitrogen?

A

Urea

Melamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How do ruminants use non protein nitrogen to create protein? Can non-ruminants do this?

A

The rumen bacteria.

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why is Melamine bad?

A

It is toxic!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which micromineral is required for ruminants to make B-12?

A

Cobalt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which non-digestible compounds found in plants do ruminants utilize very efficiently?

A

Hemicellulose

Cellulose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Humans is to appendix as non-humans are to _______.

A

Cecum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What type of fiber is indigestible to all animals?

A

Lignin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why is a higher neutral detergent fiber (NDF) correlated with lower feed intake?

A

Since it is insoluble, It sits in the rumen longer, taking up space, not allowing more food to enter the rumen .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the major difference between NDF and ADF?

A

NDF includes hemicellulose

ADF does not include hemicellulose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which value, NDF or ADF, is better correlated with the digestibility of feed?

A

ADF tell you the portions of feed that are not digestible (cellulose and lignin) and is inversely related to the digestibility so it correlates better.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which important nutrient does the relative feed value ignore?

A

Protein!

RFV=NDF-ADF (no protein, just fiber)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the relative feed quality?

A

It takes into account the TDN or quality of the fiber/forage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Why is pelleting forage advantageous?

A

Increase the surface area aka digestibility, palatability and storage time of forage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

When would you want to supplement ruminants with vitamin B?

A

If there was a problem with the rumen and the microbes in rumen were not producing the vitamin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which vitamins are reduced in hay stored for a long time?

A

Vitamin E and A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the limiting factor when it comes to the digestibility of feed?

A

Fiber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the total digestible nutrients (TDN) of feed?

A

The digestible energy (DE) in feed which is the percent of feed digested and not lost in feces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How much TDN do livestock animals need for maintenance?

A

50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What kind of feed has the highest TDN? Lowest?

A

Highest at 90% is grain
Lowest at 45% is straw
Good hay in the middle at 60%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is gross energy (GE)?
Metabolized energy (ME)V?
Net Energy?

A

Amount of energy in feed consumed by animal.
Energy actually used from what was digested.
Energy left for use after the loss of heat produced from cellular metabolism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How much of digestible energy (DE) consists of metabolizable energy (ME)?

A

82%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are soluble carbohydrates? Examples.

A

Carbs that don’t need to be fermented in order to be utilized for energy.
Grains, starches, and sugars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are insoluble carbohydrates? Examples.

A

Need to be fermented in order to be utilized for energy.

Fiber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

In a traditional milk feeding system, how much is fed dairy calves?

A

8-10% of body weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is calf starter?

A

Ration fed at weaning to help rumen development- growth is proportional to starter intake.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

At what age are dairy calves at weaning?

A

60 days, but can be cheaper to do it earlier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How much starter should calves be consuming at weaning?

A

1.5 to 2 lbs per day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What does colostrum consist of that is so important for calf health?

A 
Antibodies
Lactoferrin
Cytokines 
IgF
IgG
Immune cells (B cells, T cells, neutrophils)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are calves called that do not get adequate colostrum?

A

Failure of passive transfer calves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are the main goals of dairy calf development?

A

Rapid rumen development
Lean muscle mass
Optimal fat deposition
Optimal health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Why do dairymen chose to feed milk replacer rather than whole milk?

A
  1. Biosecure..less chance to transfer disease
  2. Less change of spoil, easier to store
  3. Don’t want to feed away the product
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What effect does cold temperatures have on a calf’s nutritional requirements?

A

Higher energy requirement to keep themselves warm=higher nutrient needs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the difference between an accelerated versus traditional milk replacer program?

A

Calves get double amount of milk and put on weight faster.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is the effect of feeding a higher protein milk replacer?

A

Increased feed efficiency and weight gain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

How are protein requirements affected when calves are rapidly gaining weight?

A

Increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

If calves are fed a high fat milk replacer on starter intake what should/could occur?

A

Grain intake should decrease

Too much fat is bad for rumen microbiome and can cause sick calves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

How are dairy calves weaned?

A
  1. 3 days in row of 1.5-2lbs starter feed before weaning
  2. Cut milk replacer by 50% and feed it once per day for week
  3. After week, stop milk replacer if calf eating enough starter
  4. Lots of fresh water
  5. Don’t dilute milk replacer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

How does excessive fat deposition in heifers at 3-10 months age affect future milk production?

A
  1. Fat invades mammary gland which reduces milk production

2. Fat in pelvic canal cause calving problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is a ration?

A

Food provide to animal to eat and not always same as what animal actually eats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What information is needed to formulate/evaluate a ration?

A

Age, breed, sex, stage of production, ingredient availability, and cost.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What are examples of forages?

A

Grass
Hay
Alfalfa
Forbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What are concentrates?

A

Oats
Wheat bran
Molasses
Corn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What are by-product feeds?

A

Brewers grain
Hulls
Corn meal
Soybean meal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Why is dry matter intake lower when poor quality forage fed?

A

Sits inside rumen for longer so animal feels full and won’t eat enough.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is a transition cow?

A

3 weeks before to 3 weeks after calving

52
Q

What is dry cow?

A

Not lactating and starts approximately two months before calving.

53
Q

When does peak milk production occur?

A

Mid-lactation about 8-10 weeks post calving

54
Q

How do cow-calf ranchers in oregon make money?

A

Sale calves

55
Q

Which calves on ranch make the most money?

A

The heaviest calf with the best quality meat and born the earliest.

56
Q

How does nutrition affect reproductive efficiency?

A

Repro is first to go and last to return with improper nutrition.
Delayed estrus or no estrus and lower ovulation and conception rates with thin cows.

57
Q

What is thew body condition scoring range for beef, dairy cattle, sheep, and horses?

A

Beef: 1-9
Dairy:1-5
Sheep:1-5
Horses:1-5

58
Q

What are the reproductive consequences of low BCS at prior to and after calving?

A
  1. Delayed onset of estrus
  2. Decreased ovulation and conception rates
  3. Reduce milk production
  4. Reduce rebreeding rates
59
Q

What type of supplement is most beneficial for beef cows (energy,protein)?

A

Protein

60
Q

What % of a cow’s body weight can a cow consume on high quality?

A

1.5%

61
Q

What common forage is high in calcium?

A

Legumes

Alfalfa has a ton but 20-33% is unavailable

62
Q

What types of problems are seen when phosphorus is deficient?

A

Reproductive issues

63
Q

Which mineral may be lacking when normally black cattle have a reddish tint to their hair color?

A

Copper

64
Q

Which micromineral is most of OR notoriously deficient in?

A

Selenium

65
Q

Why is blue salt blue?

A

Cobalt

66
Q

Which two metabolic diseases are exacerbated by high potassium forages?

A
  1. Hypomagnesemic

2. Milk fever

67
Q

What diagnostic method is most reliable to diagnose micromineral deficiencies?

A

Liver biopsy

68
Q

Which vitamin is usually supplemented in cattle feed?

A

Vitamin A for cattle exposed to winter feed.

Mineral block or injection.

69
Q

What is the primary feed source for sheep?

A

Forage..pasture usually

70
Q

During which phases of the annual cycle is meeting the energy and protein requirements of breeding female sheep critical?

A

Late pregnancy and early lactation

71
Q

What is a “jug” in reference to lambing?

A

An individual pen for the ewe and lamb; allows bonding so ewe doesn’t reject lamb.

72
Q

When are good times to perform BCS in sheep?

A
  1. 4-6 weeks before breeding
  2. 6 weeks before lambing
  3. Weaning
73
Q

What is the purpose of “flushing” ewes?

A

Increase body condition in order to increase ovulation rate.

74
Q

How is crude protein in feed determined by a feed lab?

A

Nitrogen content x 6.25

75
Q

How much dry matter does a sheep eat expressed as a percentage of body weight?

A

2.5-3%

76
Q

What is creep feeding as it pertains to lambs?

A

Lambs on pasture early so they can eat higher quality forage first or feeding feed that is 18-20% natural protein, low in fiber, and highly palatable.

77
Q

Why is it unnecessary to precess (steam flake, roll, crimp, grind) grains for sheep?

A

They chew their food like cows..ruminant.

78
Q

What are the advantages of pelleting feed for sheep?

A
  1. Reduce waste
  2. Easy to store
  3. Can’t sort through it
79
Q

Which energy currency is used when evaluating horse rations?

A

Digestible energy (DE)

80
Q

How many Mcal of energy would a 1200 lbs horse require for maintenance at moderate temperatures?

A

Mcal DE/day=1.4+0.03x(kg body weight)
1200/2.2=545.5kg
Macal DE/day=1.4+0.03x(545.45kg)
=17.8 mcals per day

81
Q

If the available hay fed a horse that needed 17.8 Mcal per day contained 0.83 Mcal/pound, how many pounds of hay would be required to meet energy needs?

A

17.8/0.82=21.5 lbs of hay

82
Q

If hay was in short supply but oats were readily available, what are the minimum pounds of hay required on a daily basis for a 1200 lb horse? (hay is 90% dry matter)

A

Find 1% of body weight: 1200 x0.01=12

12/0.9=13.3 lbs required

83
Q

If you had good quality hay (100% dry matter), what is the maximum number of pounds of hay a 1200 lb horse could consume per day?

A

Find 3% body weight: 1200 x 0.03=36

36 x 0.1=36 lbs is max

84
Q

What type of feeds have the highest energy density?

A

Fats and oils

85
Q

For which state of growth in a horse would hay be insufficient to meet nutrient requirements?

A

Lactating, growing, debilitated, or hard working horses.

86
Q

Why would a diet with an energy density of 0.9 Mcal/lb contain 8% CP (crude protein) whereas a diet providing 1.3 Mcal/lb contains 11.4% CP knowing that 0.88% CP is required per 0.1 Mcal?

A
  1. 1.3 Mcal/0.1 Mcal= 13
  2. 13 x 0.88=11.4
  3. The ratio should be 0.88 CP per 0.1 Mcal
  4. 0.9 Mcal/0.1 Mcal=9
  5. 9 x 0.88= 8
87
Q

Which vitamin should be supplemented when feeding horses a high fat diet?

A

Vitamin E

88
Q

What are two reason why lipids are essential in a horse’s diet?

A
  1. Helps absorb vitamins like A, D, E, and K

2. Source of fatty acids like linoleic acid

89
Q

How are swine physiologically/anatomically adapted to utilize limited amounts of fiber in their diet?

A

Monogastrics and can’t ferment fibers like ruminants

90
Q

Why are replacement gilts fed differently than market gilts?

A

Market gilts are slaughtered at a young age so don’t need to worry about nutrition for long term management while replacement gilts will not live longer and reproduce if they are too fat.

91
Q

Why should female swine receive a restricted diet immediately after breeding?

A

It increases fetal survival

92
Q

Why should female swine be given full feed for two weeks prior to breeding?

A

Like flushing in sheep, helps increase ovulation.

93
Q

As pigs grow from energy to a finisher, what occurs to the protein or CP % requirements?

A

Decrease from 18% to 15%

94
Q

Why is lysine so important in swine diets?

A

LImiting amino acid as they can not make it themselves .

95
Q

What are the effects of over conditioning pregnant sows?

A

East less during lactation and bad for piglets.

96
Q

What occurs if gestating swine have a low BCS?

A
  1. Decreases breed back

2. Fetal programming

97
Q

What is fetal programming?

A

Fetal programming refers to the process by which an acute or chronic stimulus in utero (i.e., in the uterus) establishes a permanent response in the fetus that impacts physiologic function later in life.

98
Q

Why do swine ration reports give total phosphorus and available phosphorus?

A

Pig have limited ability to digest phosphorus from plants (total) while available phosphorus is from animal origin and is more available for pig to absorb and use.

99
Q

What are the benefits to feeding some fiber to late gestation swine?

A
  1. Reduced constipation

- Cause build up of gram + bacteria which mess with milk production and cause sickness.

100
Q

If you overfed late gestating swine, what will happen to them during early lactation?

A

Their appetite will decrease

101
Q

Why is it difficult to get low BCS sows pregnant after weaning?

A

They don’t ovulate and can’t get pregnant

102
Q

How many lbs of corn/soybean lactation diet would feed a sow with 13 pigs nursing?

A

A sow need 4 lbs for herself and 1 lb per piglet:

4 + 13(1)=17 lbs

103
Q

What steps can pork producer take to increase feed intake in lactating sows?

A
  1. Room temp at 63F
  2. Feed multiple time a day
  3. Fresh water
  4. 10-12 hours light which reduces melatonin=less sleep=more eating=more milk=heavy litters
104
Q

Which vitamin can be stored in the liver for 3-4 months?

A

Vitamin A

105
Q

Which vitamins can be found in green feeds?

A

Vitamins A and E

106
Q

Which vitamins are fat soluble and generally don’t need to be supplemented?

A

Vitamins A, D, E, and K

107
Q

Which vitamin is synthesized from glucose in all animals except humans, salmon, primates, and guinea pigs?

A

Vitamin C

108
Q

Which vitamin must be supplemented to non-ruminants?

A

Vitamin B

109
Q

In which animals is does fermenting bacteria convert cobalt into vitamin B12?

A

Ruminants, horses, and pseudo ruminants

110
Q

In which animals does giving cobalt as a B12 supplement not make sense?

A

Non-ruminants like cats, dogs, humans because don’t have bacteria to convert cobalt into B12.

111
Q

T/F: Animals have nutritional wisdom especially when it comes to minerals.

A

False, they don’t except with salt.

112
Q

Which minerals should be in a trace mineral mixture?

A

Salt
Selenium
Iodine
Cobalt

113
Q

Why can ruminants eat moldy hay like red clover hay when horses can’t?

A

Toxins are neutralized in the rumen while the toxins are absorbed in horses before they can be fermented/neutralized in the hindgut.

114
Q

Why do rabbits eat their poop (coprophagy)?

A

Hindgut fermenters which consume poop to recover lost microbial protein

115
Q

Why do legumes have higher nitrogen and protein compared to other grasses?

A

They can turn the atmosphere into protein via bacteria on the roots called Rhizobia AKA nitrogen fixation

116
Q

How is fat measured?

A

Ether extract

117
Q

Which animal requires high fat content in their diet?

A

Cats

118
Q

How much fat can ruminants consume in their diet?

A

6-7% of ration

119
Q

What are bypass fats?

A

Fats coated in formalin in order to pass through rumen and be digested without being fermented.

120
Q

What is the difference between tallow and lard?

A

Tallow comes from ruminants while lard comes from swine. Lard is more unsaturated with a lower boiling point.

121
Q

How is protein in a ration calculated?

A

Using nitrogen in a Kjeldahl test where 1% nitrogen=6.25% crude protein, so 16% nitrogen would equal 100% crude protein.

122
Q

What are the relative percentages of CP in soybean, cottonseed, and linseed meal?

A

SBM: 50%
CSM: 40%
LSM: 30%
Soybean has most protein while linseed has the lowest, buy the absolute lowest is straw.

123
Q

What substance is used in ruminant diets to produce protein?

A

Urea as it is 282% CP

124
Q

What is non-protein nitrogen (NPN)?

A

Protein licks provided to ruminants

125
Q

What are by-pass proteins?

A

Designed to pass through rumen without being fermented and allows for 100% to be absorbed in Sm. Intestine.

Animal Nutrition (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions