Midterm #1 Flashcards
The last stanza of a corrido or other folk song, in which the singer says farewell to its audience & closes the narration.
Despedida
A meaningful or memorable succession of pitches.
Melody
Antonio Lopez de ____, general & President of Mexico who lost or sold over half of Mexico’s territory between 1836 & 1853.
(Antonio Lopez de) Santa Anna
The way in which the melodic, harmonic, & rhythmic elements of music are woven together.
Texture
A Mexican cowboy, particularly from Western Mexico, their typical suit is worn by mariachi ensembles.
Charro
A social construct distinguishing one group of humans from another on the basis of shared cultural heritage, ancestry, language, history, and/or culture; it has largely replaced the now outdated concept of race.
Ethnicity
A person of mixed Spanish & Indian heritage; by the early twentieth century they constituted the majority of the Mexican population.
Mestizo
Seven-time president of Mexico who pursued the modernization of Mexico through foreign investment.
Porfirio Diaz
___ de Tecalitlan, Most iconic mariachi ensemble, founded in 1898 by Gaspar Vargas & still active today.
Mariachi Vargas (de Tecalitlan)
____ nationalism, the idea that a group of people identify with & have an allegiance to the territorial nation & the state that governs it.
Political (nationalism)
Bajo sexto player; as accompanist to the Narciso Martinez, defined conjunto tejano style.
Santiago Almada
Mexican-born vihuelist & mariachi director who was leading promoter of mariachi music in the United States; his Mariachi Los Camperos earned widespread recognition.
Nati Cano
Mexican Singer & actress known in the 1940s as the mother of ranchera
Lucha Reyes
A portable free-reed instrument with buttons or keys on either side of a bellows; it is one of the two main instruments in conjunto music.
Accordian
___ music, a term describing musics that are traditional, primarily disseminated through oral transmission, & usually associated with a specific rural setting or ethnic group.
Folk (music)
____ nationalism, an ideology applied too much Mexican art after the Revolution, including the tenets that art should have a social function, & the glorification of indigenous heritage.
Revolutionary
Musical tradition originating in Western Mexico, especially the state of Jalisco, with an ensemble typically consisting of trumpet, violin, vihuela, guitar, guitarron, & sometimes harp.
Mariachi
Cancion ___, term referring to Mexican folk & folk-derived songs with simple chordal accompaniment & an operatic vocal style; it is a main element of both mariachi & conjunto repertoire
Ranchera
The period (1876-1911) during which Mexico was ruled by Porfirio Diaz
Porfiriato
Mexican singer who became the most prolific & influential composer of cancion ranchera
Jose Alfredo Jiminez
A large six-string bass guitar with a curved arched back; a main instrument of mariachi & other Mexican folk musics.
Guitarron
A dance in duple meter of central European origin; one of the primary genres played by conjuntos.
Polka
The idea, most often applied to the experiences of migrants, that such experience transcends the nation-state.
Transnationalism
Mexican American singer, songwriter & bandleader who composed several standards of the ranchera repertoire & contributed corridos to the Chicano Movement, earning him the title of “Father of Chicano Music”.
Lalo Guerrero
Grammy-award winning pop & country singer whose 1987 album Canciones de Mi Padre was influential in spurring interest in mariachi music & highlighted mariachi as a symbol of Mexican American identity.
Linda Randstadt
Los ____, Conjunto norteno known in the 1960’s for their rich two-part vocal harmonies.
(Los) Alegres De Teran
Accordionist & composer, considered the father of Texas Mexican music, also known as “El Huracan del Valle”.
Narciso Martinez
The arrangement of time durations in music.
Rhythm
Ballet _____, term since the 1950’s for dance groups that merge theatrical elements of classical ballet with Mexican folk dances.
Folklorico
(1910-1926) The period during which Porfirio Diaz was overthrown & multiple leaders, many of them from the northern states, vied for power in Mexico.
Mexican Revolution
A term referring to Mexican Americans; although it previously had negative connotations, it was reclaimed during the 1960’s civil rights movement as a symbol of pride in Mexican American heritage.
Chicano
A small five-string instrument with a curved arched back; a main instrument of mariachi ensembles.
Vihuela
Led by brothers Paulino & Eloy, one of the most influential groups in conjunto tejano, known for their rich three-part vocal harmonies
Conjunto Bernal
Treaty of ____, it ended the U.S.-Mexican War, forcing Mexico to cede one third of its territory.
(Treaty of) Guadalupe Hildago
Los _____, Conjunto norteno who helped define modern norteno instrumental style & used corrido form to deal with social issues.
(Los) Tigres del Norte
Singer, guitarist & songwriter who in the 1930’s was known as the “Queen of Tejano Music”.
Lydia Mendoza
Known as “El Charro Cantor,” Mexican opera singer who defined ranchera singing style.
Jorge Negrete
Supergroup including accordionist Flaco Jimenez & guitarist Freddy Fender, which mixed conjunto tejano with R&B & country.
Texas Tornados
_____ nationalism, a nationalism based on nature & landscape; US nationalism is an example
Geographic (nationalism)
_____ Records, one of the first Mexican American-owned record labels, influential in recording disseminating, & popularizing conjunto tejano.
Ideal (Records)
A generic term for Mexican folk music, typically danced, with regional variations.
Son
They way that music is disseminated from person to person.
Transmission
Mexican singer & actor whose films popularized ranchera music & who became an icon of the urban working class.
Pedro Infante
A rapid movement of the dancer’s feet against a raised wooden platform, producing a percussive accompaniment to the music; an important feature of Mexican folk dance.
Zapateado
The glorification of indigenous traditions & heritage; it constitutes a primary element of Mexican Revolutionary Nationalism.
Indigenismo
Mexican American labor leader & civil rights activist who became an icon for the Chicano Movement.
Cesar Chavez
One of the first female singers to front a conjunto tejano, known as “La Reina de la Onda Chicana” in the 1970’s & 1980’s.
Laura Canales
Most popular & influential banda group, founded in 1937 by Cruz Lizarraga but still active today.
Banda El Recodo
Term usually reffering specifically to a Sinaloa ensemble consisting of brass, woodwinds, percussions & tambora, influential in musica nortena.
Banda
______ nationalism, the continual process of constructing a national identity.
Cultural (nationalism)
Mexican singer whose dark voice & dramatic, expressive style made her the most influential female singer of ranchera.
Lola Beltran
Extremely influential accordionist who added vocals to the traditional conjunto tejano, retuned the accordion, & represents the transition to a modern conjunto style.
Valerio Longoria
____ music, a term describing musics that are disseminated through media such as radio, records, TV, film or electronic files, subject to an aesthetic of innovation & mass appeal, & associated with the urban middle & lower classes
Popular (music)
The first & most important note of a scale, often indicated by the Roman numeral I.
Tonic
Guitar-like instrument with twelve strings, that provides accompaniment to the accordian in conjunto music.
Bajo Sexto
An ensemble common on both sides of the U.S.-Mexico border, centered around the accordion & bajo sexto
Conjunto
The system of harmony based on the major & minor scales, in which harmonies move away from & then return to the tonic.
Tonality
Percussion instrument consisting of a double-headed bass drum with cymbals; a vital component of banda music.
Tambora
A lyrical epic & narrative song form, stemming from the literary tradition of the Spanish romance, that rose to popularity with the Revolution of 1910 as a means for sharing current events.
Corrido
