Midterm 1

Question 1

Goals of molecular typing

Answer 1

• identify the MICROBIAL CAUSE of disease
• identify RELATIONSHIPS between Bacteria
• identify how population of bacteria change with changing conditions

Question 2

Uses of 16S rDNA Sequencing

Answer 2

❤types of microbes present( single or multiple species)

❤compare strains of bacteria-in an outbreak can be used to determine how isolated relate to one another

❤study complex microbial populations-in a microbial community can determine what species are present and how they change under certain conditions.

Question 3

Infection

Answer 3

Colonization of the body by a bacterium CAPABLE of causing ⚡️⚡️DISEASE⚡️⚡️⚡️

Question 4

Disease

Answer 4

Infection that produces 💥💥💥💥💥💥SYMPTOMES💥💥💥

Question 5

Colonization

Answer 5

Bacterium OCCUPIES and MULTIPLIES in a particular area of the body.

This is our microbiota

Question 6

A symptomatic carrier

Answer 6

An INFECTED person who does not have symptoms

Question 7

Symptoms

Answer 7

Effects of bacterial infection apparent in an infected individual

Question 8

Virulence/pathogenicity

Answer 8

Ability of a bacterium to cause disease

Question 9

Virulence factors

Answer 9

Bacterial PRODUCTS or STRATEGIES that contribute to virulence/pathogenicity

Question 10

Opportunist

Answer 10

Bacteria that normally do not cause disease in healthy people but can cause disease in people with impaired defences

Question 11

Pathogen

Answer 11

An ORGANISM with a reputation of causing infectious disease

Question 12

New disease caused by newly identified bacterial species

Answer 12

Legionnaire’s disease

Lyme disease

Question 13

Old disease that were thought to be under control

Answer 13

Tuberculosis

MRSA

Question 14

Old disease that are now know to have bacterial causes

Answer 14

Gastric ulcers and

Helicobacter pylori

Question 15

Old disease with known causes that are getting more attention from the public and media

Answer 15

Gonorrhea

Chlamydia trachomatis

Question 16

Periodontal disease

Answer 16

Porphyromonas gingivalis

Question 17

Atherosclerosis

Answer 17

Chlamydophila pneumonia

Question 18

An example of a bacteria that uses INVASION as a way to evade the host immune response
AND

Can escape the phagosome and live in the cytoplasm of phagocytic cells

Answer 18

Listeria Monocytogenes

Question 19

2 bacteria that inhibit phagosome-lysosome fusion

Answer 19

Legionella

M. tuberculosis

Question 20

Some bacteria change their surface antigens to keep one step ahead of the antibody response

Answer 20

Gonococci

Question 21

Cause of Buruli ulcer

Answer 21

Mycobacterium ulcerans

—-passed by plasmid

Question 22

An exotoxin not part of the bacterial genome passed by bacteriophage

Answer 22

Diphtheria toxin

Question 23

An exotoxin not part of the bacterial genome passed by plasmid

Answer 23

Type G botulinum toxin

Question 24

Who releases lecithinase

Which is a phospholipase that hydrolyzes the lipid lecithin in cell membrane

Answer 24

Clostridium perfringens

Question 25

Who releases botulinum toxin

Answer 25

Clostridium botulinum

Question 26

Toxic shock shock syndrome toxin-1

Answer 26

Staphylococcus aureus This bacteria also has an alpha toxin which is a pore forming toxin

Question 27

Streptococcal superantigen

Answer 27

Streptococcus pyrogens

Question 28

Causes Lyme disease

Answer 28

Borrelia burdorferi This one used manganese instead of iron

Question 29

Gonocci

Answer 29

❤❤Adds sialic acid to its LPS to prevent C3 convertase formation ❤❤ some bacteria change their surface antigens to keep one step ahead of the antibody response

Question 30

What bacteria inhibit phagosome-lysosome fusion

Answer 30

Legionella M. Tuberculosis

Question 31

What bacteria escapes the phagosome and lived in the cytoplasm of phagocytic cells

Answer 31

Listeria monocytogenes

Question 32

Whah bacteria cannot be cultivated? It is the causative agent of syphilis

Answer 32

Treponema pallidum

Question 33

Kochs #1 postulate

Answer 33

Bacteria must be associated with symptomes and present at the site of infection

Question 34

Limitations of organ culture

Answer 34

❤They don't last very long in vitro, they cannot be split & maintained ❤they don't have intact circulation & lymphatic supply to take the immune response into account

Question 35

Molecular kochs Postulate

Answer 35

#1: the gene or its product should only be found in strains of bacteria that cause disease. #2: gene should be isolated by cloning #3: adding the isolated gene to a non-virulent strain should make it virulent. #4: the gene is expressed by the bacterium during infection in humans(or animals) Limitation: virulence is multifactorial

Question 36

Steps in IVET

Answer 36

#1) creat plasmids in E.coli that have Salmonella sequences upstream of promoterless purA/lacZ genes #2) introduce plasmid into purA- salmonella by conjugation #3) inject mice with engineered SALMONELLA, recover surving bacteria

Question 37

Septic shock symptoms Vs Toxic shock

Answer 37

``` Septic shock 💥hypotension 💥DIC 💥internal hemorrhages Causes by too much bacteria in our system --------------------------------------------- Toxic shock 💥 fever 💥 malaise 💥nausea 💥 vomiting ```