Midterm #1 Flashcards
Sheep terms Female- Male- Offspring- Immature ewe Male castrate- Group How many chromosomes
Female= ewe Male= ram Offspring= lamb Immature ewe= hogget or ram lamb Male castrate= wether Group= flock Chromosomes= 54
What are the product from sheep
Wool ( Southern Hemisphere)
Meat ( Northern Europe)
Milk ( Mediterranean )
Skins
Sheep birth weight
3-20 lbs average 8-10
When to wean sheep
6 weeks on farm, 4-5 months on range
When are sheep mature and how long do they live
2 years
Live 8-10 years
What are the types of wool?
Fine ( merino)
Coarse
Crossbred wool
Hair breeds will shed their coat annually
what are the types of meat
Lamb or mutton ( over 2 years)
As a carcass or live animal
Milk type
Whole milk in Africa Asia
Cheese in Mediterranean ( feta, roqueforte)
Sheep skin
With the wool removed ( Napa)
Without the wool removed ( shearling for clothing and rugs)
Karakul- Persian lamb skins
Coloured pelts
Types of breeds of sheep 4 types
Wool sheep
Dual meat and wool or milk
Meat sheep
Kingdoms sheep and goat Phylum Class Super order Order Suborder Family Subfamily Genus Species
Animalia Chordata Mammalian Ungulates Artiodactyla Ruminatia Bovidae Caprinae Ovis Capra Aries aegagrus -subspecies hircus ( goat ) Sheep ovis Aries Goat Capra hircus
How many types of breed of sheep
~200
Name a breed and origin of sheep
Suffolk ( British) meat Romney (British) dual Rambouillet (French) dual Merino (Spanish) wool Hampshire (British ) meat Columbia (USA) dual Canadian ARCOTT ( Canada) meat Rideau ARCOTT (Canada ) dual milk East friesian (friesian) milk Poll Dorset ( British ) meat Katadhin ( USA) meat and hair Karakul pelts
Other sheep breeds
Big horn sheep
Dall sheep
Mouflon ( Iran Cyprus )
Domestication of the sheep
When 11000 BC
Where south west asia
Who mouflon ( tail)
Why food meat and milk and wool/ pelt
Sheep changes in domestication
5
Development of tails Polled sheep Fleece without hairy outer coat Large colour variation Body size and horn size
Undesirable traits from domestication of sheep
Body folds and dark wool
Teeth/ aging sheep and goat
Bottom jaw 6 rear molars 6 pre molars 8 incisors Top jaw Dental pad 6 rear molars 6 premolars Sheep is a grazer ( clip vegetation near ground) Lamb has full baby teeth 1 year - 2 2 year - 4 3 year -6 4 year 8 plus wear and tear
Goat terminology Female Male Offspring Immature goat Male castrate Group Chromosomes
Doe ( nanny ) Buck (Billy's) Kids Doeling and buckling Wether Herd or trip 60 chromosomes Goat is a browser
Birth weight goat
Wean
Weaning weight
6-9lbs
Wean 90-120 days
35-60lbs
Goat is phenotypically different from sheep (5)
- short upturned tail
- horned ( most)
- different horn position ( closer up and back)
- wider head
- beards
- hair
Products
Meat Horns Hides Fibre Labour Milk
Breeds of goats and where, what
Alpine ( French alps) dairy Saanen ( Swiss) dairy Nubian ( britian ) dairy/ dual LaMAncha (Spain) dairy Boer ( South African ) meat Angora ( Asia) fibre ( mohair) Cashmere (Asia) fibre/ meat Pygmy ( west Africa) cute
Other goat species
Ibex
Tur
Makhor
Bexoar
Types of goat antelope
Chamois
North American mountain goat
Goat sheep types
Tahrs
Goral
Serous
Bharal blue sheep
Goat domestication When Where Who Why
11000 BC Turkey stans Bezoar Meat, wool, milk Bezoar was in family groups, took to leadership, prolific, easy to bond and self sufficient , eat variety of feed
How did goats change in domestication ( 5)
- shorter limbs and body size
- polled ( 3000BC)
- large colour variation
- blunt horns curved in
- pendulum ears
Horns
Tools
Weapons
Protect skull
Heat regulator
Polled goats explain
Dehorning is common
Wild type is horned and linked to sexual development
Polled is dominant
Pp is intersex female and or sterile male
Don’t breed homozygous polled
Goat hooves
3rd and 4th digit with 2nd and 5th as remnant toes
They can clamp and spread
Goat is a ____
Browser ( eats stems, bark)
Sheep and goat eyes
They are elongated to see 330 degrees vision
Geep
Goat sheep hybrid
Has odd chromosomes and both sexes are sterile
Advantages to sheep management (4)
Disadvantages
(3)
2 crops per year ( wool and lambs) - multiple births - short gestation - 3lambing/ 2 years - rapid growth rate Disadvantages - predators - weather - labour
Range flock
Advantage (3)
disadvantage ( 6)
- large numbers of sheep on pasture
- late spring lambing
- weaning in fall
- late fall breeding
- market or feedlot lambs
- supplemental feeding with shelter for wintering on range
- guard animals
- fencing
- based on kg lamb/ ewe/ year
Advantages
- low cost
- profit to land
- can eat leafy spurge
Disadvantages
- predators
- parasites
- malnutrition
- low market price
- high mortality
- fresh water
How much does a ewe need
Lactating and not
Lactating 6.5 L/day
Not lactating 4.5L/day
When would you use rotational grazing and why (2)
In a range flock
- to decrease parasite load and increase grazing pasture
When to wean range flocks
Market time
32kg, if they are not big enough drench and feed hay/concentrate
Shear before or after lambing
Farm flocks
Types
Semi confinement
Total confinement
- need to control temp, humidity, lighting, hormones, want multiple births and to raise the lambs artificially 2 lambing/ewe/year
Importance for confinement managements
Breed selection and controlling environment and diet Meat breeds predominate - want multiple births - low mortality - optimal growth rate
Advantages and (3)disadvantages to confinement (1)
- operation optimized for production and profit
- acellerated lambing
- out of season breeding
Dis - input costs are high ( need 250 head for cost)
Where is dairy most popular
BC, AB ONT
The east friesian milk si most common, may us Rideau Arcott
How much milk comes from a lactation from sheep
500-700 kg at 6-7 milk fat
Advantages to raising goats and disadvantages
- high reproductive rate with shortgestation 3 kid crops/ 2 year
- rapid growth rate of kids
- predation
- weather
- labour
Types of management for goats
All confinement/ dry lot
Pasture
Combination
What is an eye dog
They stare down sheep to move the sheep closer to the Shepard - border collie - longer fur - black and white or red/white True eye dogs don't crouch
What is a hunterway
- dogs that move the sheep away from the shepherd
- more colour and breed variation
- short fur
- deep bark
Types of dog shows
- high country single hunt away
- low land two dog collect
- st dogmaels sheep dog trial
Guardian breeds
Akbash Anatolian Shepard Great Pyrenees Komodor Kuvasz Maremma Theses dogs should want to stay and protect the flock,
Management of guardian dogs
- place with sheep as puppies
- fed twice a day
- allow bond with sheep but also escape
- don’t allow human bonding but do have control of dog
Other types of guardian animals
Donkey, alpaca, llama
What is the first goal of livestock operations
Reproduction
- it has the greatest influence on efficiency and profitability
“The creation of new wealth “
Ovaries
Primary sex organs
- produce ova, estrogen, progesterone
How many ova does a ewe ovulate
3-4 follicles ( 1-2 in Romney )
Oviducts
- lead form the uterus to ovaries
- end is flared to catch the ova ( infidibulum)
- ciliates with hairs
- site of fertilization
Uterus
- two horns and a body
- inner lining contains cotyledons ( 70-150) with caruncles
Cervix
- neck of the uterus
- thick walled and muscular
- closed except at estrus and parturition
Pregnant ewe secretes a mucus plug
Vagina
- female organ of copulation
- tubular in shape
Semen deposited at anterior end - passage way for the fetus at parturition
Vulva
- external genital organs of the ewe, passage whay for reproductive and urinary system
- vestibule
Clitoris
- erectile organ of ewe
- sensory nerves
Broad ligament
- supporting tissue
Suspends ovaries, oviducts and uterus
Blood vessels and nerves pass through it
Mammary gland and ligaments
- nourishment and survival of the newborn
- 2 mammary glands
- one teat on each
- udder supported by suspension ligaments
- produces colostrum and milk
Testes
- primary organs
- produce sperm and testosterone
- large compared to body size
Scrotum
- two lobed sac that encloses the testes
- AIDS in temperature control
Epididymis
- external duct leading from the testis for sperm transport, concentration and maturation and storage
- approx 100 feet uncoiled
Vas deferens
- duct from the epididymis to urethra
- enlarged end is the ampullae, when a portion is removed it is a vasectomy
Urethra
- duct for both Uriel and semen
- during ejaculation sperm will mix with accessory gland secretion
Accessory glands
Vesicular
Prostate
Cowpers ( bulboureathral )
Penis
- male organ of copulation
- sigmoid flexure
Gland penis is the free end that has erectile tissue supplied with sensory nerves - Filioque appendage ( not in bucks)
- prepuce and sheath
Why do bucks smell
They have scent glands behind their horns that they spray themselves with so the does are attracted to them . This may taint the goat milk
Cryptochid
- one or both of the testicles do not descend
- if both then the buck is infertile
- if one then there is reduce fertility
- there will still be secondary sexual characteristics due to testosterone
Estrus sheep
How long
How do you know
Ewe receptive for 30 hours
- need a ram to show signs
- ewe will seek ram, ram will do flehmann reaction
- she will swish her tail and there will be slight swelling of the vulva
Silent heat
No signs of heat ewes
Estrus doe
Receptive for 18-24 hours - need a buck for signs Doe will seek male Flehmann reaction Tail waggin Slight swelling of vulva and mucous Bleating Urination close to the buck
Ovulation sheep when to AI
Occurs at the end of estrus
- AI breed 9-12 hours after onset of estrus
- ovulation is highest within the breeding season and lower out of season
Goat ovulation when to AI
12-36 hours AI after onset of estrus
Fertilization
Life of ova and sperm
Union of the ova and sperm in oviduct
Ova- 5-8 hour
Sperm- 24 hours
Estrus cycle sheep and goat
- time between adjacent estrus 16-17 days in ewes
19-22 days in does - regulated by hormones
- interrupted by pregnancy
Puberty for sheep Rams Ewes Influence Weight
Ram 5-6 months
Ewe 6-10 months
First estrus accompanies by ovulation is puberty but does not denote sexual maturity
- influenced by inheritance, nutrition, date of birth
- 68% of adult
Puberty in goats
Doe
Buck
Weight
Doeling 6-8 months
Buck 3.5 months ( wean early )
Breed at 60% of mature weight
Anestrous
3 types in sheep
Reproductive inactivity
- Seasonal
- Lactating
- Postpartum
Factors effecting fertility
6
Heredity Age of puberty Age of ewe Effects of light, temperature and season Influence of size Nutrition
Heredity on fertility Name high fecundity breed What is normal fertility Low fecundity and what gene Goats
High Finnish landrace 3-5 lambs Booroola merino 3-5 Rideau Arcott 2.5 lambs Normal fertility is 1-3 Low is 1 lamb from Romney , Awassi Inverdale gene Goats have high fecundity
Age of puberty on fertility
Breed as ewe lambs 6-10 months
- decrease non productive feed cost and shortens generation interval
Select for early puberty
Age of ewe
Reproductive rate greater in 3 year olds
Effect of light, temp, season on fertility
Light= sexual receptivity
Light : dark breeding ration in fall
Too hot or cold will effect fertility, embryo surviva and development
August to January with peak in October to November 10-12 hours light
Influence of size on fertility
Big sheep have more kids, lambs but the maitence requriements are higher
Nutrition on fertility
Needs to maintain good condition, not fat
Increase lambing percentage by flushing
Does flushing work in goats
NO
What type of breeders are sheep and goat
Polyestrus seasonally
Short day breeders
What happens to the breeding season of sheep in warmer climates
Less seasonally effected
Short breeders sheep September to Jan
Goats
Northern European sheep Columbia Cheviot Leicester Corriedale ---- Toggenburg Saanen Alpine LaMancha
Extended season breeders ( August to March )
Suffolk
Hampshire
Long day breeders
July to March 8 months
Sheep and goats
Merino Rambouillet Dorset Finn ---- goat Pygmy Nubian Boer ( South African ) July to April
Sheep have how many lambs and at what percent do you want
1-3 usually
Want 200% lambing
What is the lambing percent equation
lambs born / # of ewes exposed *100
How to flush a ewe
2-3 weeks prior to breeding feed .5-1.4 lbs more of grain
BCS at 3 when breeding
Doesnt work on high fecuditiy breeds ( Finn 3-5 lambs )
How to BCS
Palpate muscle, fat and skeleton with animal standing relaxed
Locate the 13th rib
Feel the rib, loin eye and back bone and short ribs
When to BCS (4)
Pre breeding
Mid gestation
Parturition
Weaning
Sheep male to female rations
Ram to ewe and ram lamb to ewe
Do you want competition
1 ram to 30-50 ewes
1 ram lamb to 15-25 ewes
Rams will fight so no old and young Rams together , completion ensures coverage
Goat ratio
Buck to does
How early
Want competition
1 mature buck to 50 does
Wean early 3 months
No competition
Why manipulate breeding
For out of season breeding
And estrus synchronization
How does reducing the day length effect the ewe.
How far do you want to change the day length prior to breeding
Tricks the pineal gland into thinking its out of season
- 8 hours of dark 6-8 weeks before breeding or 12 in June
- continue the lighting over breeding
What effect does the lighting have on the Rams
3
Greater testicle size
Improves libido
Better semen quality
How does temperature effect breeding
High temperature decreases embryo survival and sperm quality
Ram ratio for out of season breeding
1 ram to 10 ewes
Light regulation for does for out of season breeding
How long
Why
18-20 hours of light for 2 months , then switch to the short day light for fall conditions
- progesterone will improve
Progesterone
2 instruments for implant
Is a hormone that inhibits the pituitary from releasing FSH and LH and ovulation
- can be used in sponges or CIDR
CIDR-G
Name
- how long is it implanted
- how long after removed is estrus
- how is it used with what hormone
Controlled intravaginal drug releasing device
- implanted 12-14 hours
- estrus 48-60 hours after removed
- used in non breeding season with equine chorionic gonadotropin get to stimulate female to cycle and improves the ovulation
Sheep gestation
Goat
147 days for sheep
Goats 150 days
Types of laming programs
4 types
1 lamb crop per year
Phase lambing
Accelerated lambing 3 per 2
5 star system
1 lamb crop per year
- who
- where
New producers
On range
Phase lambing
How many
How
Ewes have 1 lambing per year but with different breeding groups different times of the year for better prices
Accelerated lambing
How many
How (3)
When
This is an intensive system Lambing to breeding interval is 8 months - hormonal and light regulation - breed extended season -wean early - 3 per 2 year
Star system 5 points
What are the groups
How
What do you want
5 crops per 3 years - very intensive Lambing to breeding 7.3 months Lambing all year round and breeding All twins 3/5 breedings are out of season 1. Breeding and pregnant ewes 2. Lambing or lactating ewes and their lambs 3. Growing lambs
What is ram power mean
The ram is genetically half the flock
Soundness of the ram (3) things that will effect mating
Lameness
Impaired vision
Poor BCS
What BCS do you want a ram
Ram young 3-3.5
Mature ram 3.5-4
BCS 8 weeks prior to breeding
- maintain after breeding don’t forget them
How long before breeding to purchase new ram
Why
8-10 weeks
- isolate for 2-3 weeks for illness
And integrate slowly to other Rams or all at once in a little pen for no bunting room
Scrotal circumfrece confers 4
- more sperm
- more mating ability
- multiple offspring
- highly heritable
-correlated negatively with female puberty
33+ cm for purebred
36+ for mature Rams
No guidelines for bucks +25
What is a riding harnesss
Chalk monitor for mating
- check ram for sores
How does hot weather effect the ram
Over 32C
- damages semen
- decrease libido
- decrease serving capacity
- decrease scrotal circumference
- may cause infertility
Must provide shade
What to look for when selecting a ram
- farms health status
- size, muscle
- SC 30+
- good feet
- good eyes
- good teeth
- moderate size head
- full hind quarters
- good fleece
- of twins or triplets
How to check the testicles of a ram and prepuce
- sit the ram on his rump
- palpate
- should be large and firm with no bumps in epididymis
- equal size and move freely
- check the penis moves freely in the prepuce
Characteristics to look for in semen
And how to collect
- % abnormal spermatogonia
- clear/ watery to thick cream
Collect with a teaser ewe and artificial vagina and electro ejaculation
Reproductive problems is Rams
Bucellosis ovis
Posthitis or pizzle rot
Testicular hypoplasia
Testicular hypoplasia
Ram
- small testicles
Brucellosis ovis
Ram
- bacterial venereal disease not common in Canada
- causes open ewes, abortions, weak lambs at birth , decrease number of lambs born per ewe
Longer lambing season
Pathology
- mass within the tail of epididymis
Posthitis
Pizzle rot in Rams
- inflammation of prepuce unable to protube penis
- will cause a lack of interest in breeding
Caused by
- feeding excessive protein
- due to the high level of ammonia in the urine
Alkaline and damaging to tissues
Goats get this too but more in the Wethers
Goat buck disease
Gynecomastia
Prosthitis
Sperm granulomas
Testicular hyperplasia
Gynecomastia
Rudimentary teats engorge with milk
- testes will function normally
- susceptible to mastitis
Buck
Sperm granulomas
Buck
- blockage of tubular duct and back up of sperm
- rupture and the immune system recognize the foreign mass of scar tissue and cause the granulomas
- they become sterile
Factors affecting when sheep are bred
Availability of pasture - local weather condition Labour and time restraints Market Early lambing - for low parasite load - lambs arrive with good grass System type Late lambing - to avoid weather
What is simple inheritance
One trait influenced by one gene
Qualitative inheritance
Dominant and recessive
Complex inheritance
Trait is influenced by several genes and the environment with continuous variation
Horns inheritance
Variation in size, shape and rate of development
Jacob sheep have 2,4,6 horns
Polled is dominant
Sex influenced in merino, Rambouillet, and crosses
Traits influencing production
5 with 10 defects
Reproduction Growth Fleece traits Carcass traits Defects - lethal - jaw defects - wool blindness - skin folds - cryptorchidism - entropion - hernia -Rectal prolapse - horns, scurs - coloured fleece
Traits reproductive
Ovulation rate
Fertility
Prolificacy
Survival rate
Growth
Birth weight Weaning weight Rate of gain Yearling rate Age of puberty
Fleece traits
Important to range producers
High heritability
Carcass traits
Multifactorial Difficult to measure - fat depth Loin eye area - percent lean
Lethal deformities
- cleft palate
- dwarfism
- H airlessness
- muscle contracture
- paralysis
- amputee
Jaw defects
- jaw too long , too short ( parrot mouth )
- bottom not touching top mouth
Wool blindness
Open face better for producers, must crutch wooly face
Skin folds
Merino
- problems at shearing and highly heritable
Cryptochidism
- simple recessive but problem for breeders
Entropion
- turned up eyelid that irritates the cornea to cause excessive tearing
Hernia
- scrotal and umbilical
- inheritable and muscle weakness
Outcrossing
Purebreeding
Mating unreleated animals together
( how far back is a question
Crossbreeding
Combing 2 or more breeds
Advantages with heterosis and complementarity
Heterosis
Advantages
Offspring perform better then purebred
Improves traits with low heritability
- increase fertility , hardiness and growth
3.2 increase in birth weight
2 breed rotational cross
2/3: 1/3 at equilibrium
- individual heterosis and maternal heterosis
3 breed rotational cross
5/32:9/32:18/32
14%: 29%: 57%
- uses crossbred dams for maternal and individual heterosis
And complementary for choosing mates that compensate for others weak points
Rambouillet for range and mothering and Hampshire for meat
Embryonic mortality parameter
First 4 weeks is 20-30% high
Reproductive trait heritability
Low .06
- more environment and only expressed in one gender
- discrete phenotype at maturity
Phenotype
Genotype+ environment
Factors effecting ewe fertility
Genetics
Nutrition
Management
Poor nutrition one ewe reproduction
- irregualr cycles Reduce ovulation Weak offspring Pregnancy toxaemia Reduce twinning GnRH and LG output affected by increase in food intake Correlated the lamb survival Over fed causes difficult lambing
Prolific sheep ewe
Rideau Arcott 250%
Merino 110% NOT PROLIFIC
Genetic Mutation for fertility
Booroola gene and inverdale gene
Booroola gene
May cause increases litter size in merino to 450% to increase ovulation and litter size
BMPR1B originated in the Garole sheep
Inverdale gene
- improve fertility
- can cause abnormal embryos
- can cause larger litter size
BMP15
From the Romney located on X chromosome , homozygous will cause sterility due to ovarian hypoplasia - increase litter size may cause decrease embryo survival, increase lamb mortality , low birth weight
Gestation doe and ewe
5 months
Last 3rd is the most growth of the fetus
Crutching
Prior to lambing
Remove the excess wool around the face and udder and rear as the lamb may suck on a dag ( string of wool)
Pregnancy check list 4 plus explain
Nutrition
- don’t over feed ewe
- identify poor grain years and feed accordingly
Boosters and vaccines
- clostridial diseases one month prior to lambing as the toxins cause death
Deworming
- bottle jaw, diarhea, anemia, deworm 6 weeks prior to lambing or do fecal egg count, this is a teratogen
Lambing facilities 2 weeks before
- 6 by 6 pen move 1-2 days after bonding 0C, have creep area and some heat,
- creep, minerals, salt
- Coccidostat, rumensin
- supplies; snare, stomach tube, syringes, vit A,D,E, selenium, electrolyte, 50% dextrose
Clostridial disease
Prefringens- lamb dysentery Enterotoximia - bloody scours , pulpy kidney Chauvoie- black leg Septicum- malignant edema Tetani- tetanus
Caseous lymphadenitis
Pregnant ewe problem
Cheesy gland due to Corynerbacterium pseudomonits
- abscesses that transmit through shearing so start with young and move to old
Re-occurence of worms
How to improve
- under dosing
- returning sheep to contaminated pasture
- resistant parasite
To improve - follow label
- weigh
- identify parasite
- reduce feed
- Dry lot while shedding
Pregnancy diagnosis
Abdominal palpations
Ultrasonography ( day 45-90) with flank sector scanner or intrarectal linear array (35-55)
Prolapse vagina
Vagina turns inside out due to straining
- cannot urinate and permenantely damage vagina and rectum
- 40% chance of reoccurrence
- weakened muscle of vagina wall
Hormonal changes cause relaxing of pelvic ligaments
Factors influencing prolapse vagina and how to control
- Genetic (saanen)
- Overweight
- Multiple offspring
- Nerve damage ( improper use of docking iron)
Control
- suture close
- monitor for lambing and untie
- cull at lambing
Pregnancy toxaemia
- twin lamb disease, ketosis
In the last trimester of pregnancy in sheep or in the first four weeks of lactation - insufiecient glucose due to fetuses growing very rapidly and multiple fetuse and poor feed and milk quantity
Signs - not eating
- isolated and weak
- appears blind, acetone breath
Death in 2-10 days
Treat with propylene glycol, cortisol steroids, aborts the lambs
Hypocalcemia
Dairy goats with low blood calcium in the last 6 weeks of pregnancy or 1st week of lactation due to stress
- weather, moving, nutritional change
Symptoms
- stiff and uncoordinated, trembling and death
Causes
- inadequate blood calcium due to fast growing kids and milk requirement
Treatment
- 20% calcium injection recovery immediate
10 days to lambing
Udder begins to fill, teats swell
2 days to lambing
Body temperature decrease 0.5C
Hours from lambing
Ewe stops eating and isolates from the flock
Lambing signs
- straining, water bag appears ( chorioallantois )
- wet fleece
- few minutes to lamb complete in 30 min max
Kidding signs Weeks 4-10 days Hours Kidding
Weeks- udder fills 4-10 days elongation of vulva Hours- restlessness/ lying down and getting up Kidding 30minutes to 2 hours for multiple kids
Assistance at parturition signs
- must cup the hooves and rotate the lamb in the uterus
- may be due to incorrect presentation such as multiple legs, only one leg and a head
Dystocia
- The doe or ewe has been straining for 30 minutes or more
- Lamb is stuck
- Abnormal presentation obvious
Help if needed, be quiet and gentle and clean and only pull with contraction
Supplies for lambing
What to check
Beta dine scrub Lubricant Shoulder length sleeve Pail of warm water Colostrum Ropes ( loop above the fetlock or around ears and jaw Check - the lamb is breathing Clear nostrils and mouth of mucous Rub chest vigourosly and place in front of ewe
Oversized lambs
These are common with singletons or ewe lamb
May require a gental pull to a c-section , may require rotation
Prolapse uterus
Generally follow a difficult birth Treatment - clean - push back in - elevate Complication - sunburn - rupture artery - tearing
Retained placenta
- treatment not necessary unless sign of illness
- penicillin
- higher incidence may be problems with selenium and vitamin e in diet
Metritis
Sever infection of uterus - follows a retained placenta Common in does Signs - fever - depression - decreased appetite - smelly dark red vaginal dishcharg
Emphysematous foeti
Dead lambs retained in uterus due to inappropriately opened cervix and enter bacteria, lamb rot Symptoms - depression -death - remove lambs and give penicillin - euthanize
3 types of mastitis
Staphaloccous - blue bag, anytime in lactation - ewe will look sick - udder is cold and swollen - ewe survives but the udder will turn black and fall off Pasteurella - udder is hot, swollen and painful - anytime in lactation - abscess is udder Hard udder - ewe doesn't look sick - udder hard at birth with no milk - due to virus
Detection of mastitis
Action
Bacterial - depression - reluctant to walk - lame - fever - won't let her lamb nurse - weak/ dead lambs Hard udder - ewe not Ill - not painful Action - cull and bottle feed lambs and treat with penicillin Or strip the infection
Newborns
- should stand within 20 minutes and move to the udder and have colostrum within 2 hours
Colostrum
First milk Can freeze in 50mL quantities from 6 months Must thaw and warm slowly not to kill the proteins and immune cells Stomach tube into weak lambs 50ml per kg body weight = 200-250ml - antibodies for the first 6weeks - enzyme inhibitors Nutrients - vitamins - maternal lymph cells - growth factors
Starvation
1 killer of lambs next to cold weather
- doesn’t get started
- no bond
- mastitis
- teat to large/low
- not enough milk
When to foster
- rejection of lamb
- weak lambs
- too many lambs
- illness/ death
By - bottle feed milk replacer and cross foster in lamb pens and use lamb skin
- get the border collie to ewe the ewe
- tie the ewe to prevent the ewe from turning stanchion
What is the mortality rate of the lamb in the first week
8-10%
What is a healthy lamb
Fat
Content
Stretch
Warm mouth and strong sucking reflex
Hypothermia
Revived by warmth 37-40C
2 oz warmed colostrum
25% dextrose
Drip the navel of a lamb
Iodine
Lamb scours
From stress and over feeding colostrum
Or poor milk replacer or mixing or poor water
Lamb pneumonia
Stress
Drafts and poor ventilation
Joint ill
Navel infection And inadequate colostrum intake Symptom - lame and swollen joints Treatment difficult and poor prognosis
Coccidiosis
- parasitic disease Causing scours and blood Stress and over crowding Treat with electrolytes Best treatment is prevention Resevoir is manure
White muscle disease
Selenium and vitamin e deficiency
- painful muscles
Orf ( mouth sores)
- viral disease ( vaccine )
Scabs around the mouth and nose
Tail docking and castration when
Withing 1- several weeks
Lambs must be bonded first
Tail docking
Why and how
Prevent manure buildup and blowfly strike
- correct length to reduce rectal/vaginal prolapse
Methods
- rubber bands
Hot iron
Castration
Elastrator
Burdizzo
Knife
Or seperate at 12 weeks from females
Record keeping
Key to an efficient operation
Makes cullling easier
Record
Animal identification Lambing date Lambing identification Number of lambs born and weaned Health or problems 50-100 day lamb weights
Adjusted weights
Age of dam
Sex of lambs
Age of lambs
Type of birth and rearing
WW=WW/ ( WWagestandard age at weaning Adjusted factors (lamb, age of dame, sex))
Selection of replacement
Visual assessment
Select ewes for good conformation
Based on records
- above weights, twins and ease of lambing
