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Sheep And Goat ANSC 355 > Midterm #1 > Flashcards

Midterm #1 Flashcards

1
Q 
Sheep terms
Female-
Male- 
Offspring- 
Immature ewe
Male castrate-
Group
How many chromosomes
A 
Female= ewe
Male= ram
Offspring= lamb
Immature ewe= hogget or ram lamb
Male castrate= wether 
Group= flock 
Chromosomes= 54
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2
Q

What are the product from sheep

A

Wool ( Southern Hemisphere)
Meat ( Northern Europe)
Milk ( Mediterranean )
Skins

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3
Q

Sheep birth weight

A

3-20 lbs average 8-10

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4
Q

When to wean sheep

A

6 weeks on farm, 4-5 months on range

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5
Q

When are sheep mature and how long do they live

A

2 years

Live 8-10 years

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6
Q

What are the types of wool?

A

Fine ( merino)
Coarse
Crossbred wool
Hair breeds will shed their coat annually

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7
Q

what are the types of meat

A

Lamb or mutton ( over 2 years)

As a carcass or live animal

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8
Q

Milk type

A

Whole milk in Africa Asia

Cheese in Mediterranean ( feta, roqueforte)

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9
Q

Sheep skin

A

With the wool removed ( Napa)
Without the wool removed ( shearling for clothing and rugs)
Karakul- Persian lamb skins
Coloured pelts

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10
Q

Types of breeds of sheep 4 types

A

Wool sheep
Dual meat and wool or milk
Meat sheep

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11
Q 
Kingdoms sheep and goat
Phylum
Class
Super order 
Order
Suborder
Family
Subfamily
Genus
Species
A 
Animalia 
Chordata
Mammalian
Ungulates
Artiodactyla
Ruminatia 
Bovidae
Caprinae
Ovis  Capra
Aries  aegagrus
-subspecies hircus ( goat ) 
Sheep ovis Aries 
Goat Capra hircus
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12
Q

How many types of breed of sheep

A

~200

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13
Q

Name a breed and origin of sheep

A 
Suffolk ( British) meat
Romney (British) dual 
Rambouillet (French) dual
Merino (Spanish) wool
Hampshire (British ) meat
Columbia (USA) dual
Canadian ARCOTT ( Canada) meat
Rideau ARCOTT (Canada ) dual milk
East friesian (friesian) milk 
Poll Dorset ( British ) meat
Katadhin ( USA) meat and hair
Karakul pelts
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14
Q

Other sheep breeds

A

Big horn sheep
Dall sheep
Mouflon ( Iran Cyprus )

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15
Q

Domestication of the sheep

A

When 11000 BC
Where south west asia
Who mouflon ( tail)
Why food meat and milk and wool/ pelt

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16
Q

Sheep changes in domestication

5

A 
Development of tails
Polled sheep 
Fleece without hairy outer coat
Large colour variation 
Body size and horn size
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17
Q

Undesirable traits from domestication of sheep

A

Body folds and dark wool

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18
Q

Teeth/ aging sheep and goat

A 
Bottom jaw
6 rear molars 
6 pre molars
8 incisors 
Top jaw 
Dental pad
6 rear molars
6 premolars
Sheep is a grazer ( clip vegetation near ground) 
Lamb has full baby teeth 
1 year - 2
2 year - 4
3 year -6
4 year 8 plus wear and tear
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19
Q 
Goat terminology 
Female 
Male 
Offspring
Immature goat
Male castrate
Group 
Chromosomes
A 
Doe ( nanny ) 
Buck (Billy's) 
Kids
Doeling and buckling 
Wether
Herd or trip 
60 chromosomes 
Goat is a browser
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20
Q

Birth weight goat
Wean
Weaning weight

A

6-9lbs
Wean 90-120 days
35-60lbs

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21
Q

Goat is phenotypically different from sheep (5)

A
  • short upturned tail
  • horned ( most)
  • different horn position ( closer up and back)
  • wider head
  • beards
  • hair
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22
Q

Products

A 
Meat
Horns
Hides
Fibre
Labour
Milk
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23
Q

Breeds of goats and where, what

A 
Alpine ( French alps) dairy 
Saanen ( Swiss) dairy 
Nubian ( britian ) dairy/ dual
LaMAncha (Spain) dairy 
Boer ( South African ) meat
Angora ( Asia) fibre ( mohair) 
Cashmere (Asia) fibre/ meat
Pygmy ( west Africa) cute
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24
Q

Other goat species

A

Ibex
Tur
Makhor
Bexoar

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25
Q

Types of goat antelope

A

Chamois

North American mountain goat

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26
Q

Goat sheep types

A

Tahrs
Goral
Serous
Bharal blue sheep

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27
Q 
Goat domestication 
When 
Where 
Who
Why
A 
11000 BC
Turkey stans
Bezoar 
Meat, wool, milk 
Bezoar was in family groups, took to leadership, prolific, easy to bond and self sufficient , eat variety of feed
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28
Q

How did goats change in domestication ( 5)

A
  • shorter limbs and body size
  • polled ( 3000BC)
  • large colour variation
  • blunt horns curved in
  • pendulum ears
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29
Q

Horns

A

Tools
Weapons
Protect skull
Heat regulator

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30
Q

Polled goats explain

A

Dehorning is common
Wild type is horned and linked to sexual development
Polled is dominant
Pp is intersex female and or sterile male
Don’t breed homozygous polled

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31
Q

Goat hooves

A

3rd and 4th digit with 2nd and 5th as remnant toes

They can clamp and spread

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32
Q

Goat is a ____

A

Browser ( eats stems, bark)

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33
Q

Sheep and goat eyes

A

They are elongated to see 330 degrees vision

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34
Q

Geep

A

Goat sheep hybrid

Has odd chromosomes and both sexes are sterile

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35
Q

Advantages to sheep management (4)
Disadvantages
(3)

A 
2 crops per year ( wool and lambs) 
- multiple births 
- short gestation 
- 3lambing/ 2 years
- rapid growth rate
Disadvantages 
- predators 
- weather 
- labour
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36
Q

Range flock
Advantage (3)
disadvantage ( 6)

A
  • large numbers of sheep on pasture
  • late spring lambing
  • weaning in fall
  • late fall breeding
  • market or feedlot lambs
  • supplemental feeding with shelter for wintering on range
  • guard animals
  • fencing
  • based on kg lamb/ ewe/ year

Advantages

  • low cost
  • profit to land
  • can eat leafy spurge

Disadvantages

  • predators
  • parasites
  • malnutrition
  • low market price
  • high mortality
  • fresh water
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37
Q

How much does a ewe need

Lactating and not

A

Lactating 6.5 L/day

Not lactating 4.5L/day

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38
Q

When would you use rotational grazing and why (2)

A

In a range flock

- to decrease parasite load and increase grazing pasture

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39
Q

When to wean range flocks

A

Market time
32kg, if they are not big enough drench and feed hay/concentrate
Shear before or after lambing

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40
Q

Farm flocks

Types

A

Semi confinement
Total confinement
- need to control temp, humidity, lighting, hormones, want multiple births and to raise the lambs artificially 2 lambing/ewe/year

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41
Q

Importance for confinement managements

A 
Breed selection and controlling environment and diet
Meat breeds predominate
- want multiple births
- low mortality 
- optimal growth rate
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42
Q

Advantages and (3)disadvantages to confinement (1)

A
  • operation optimized for production and profit
  • acellerated lambing
  • out of season breeding
    Dis
  • input costs are high ( need 250 head for cost)
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43
Q

Where is dairy most popular

A

BC, AB ONT

The east friesian milk si most common, may us Rideau Arcott

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44
Q

How much milk comes from a lactation from sheep

A

500-700 kg at 6-7 milk fat

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45
Q

Advantages to raising goats and disadvantages

A
  • high reproductive rate with shortgestation 3 kid crops/ 2 year
  • rapid growth rate of kids
  • predation
  • weather
  • labour
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46
Q

Types of management for goats

A

All confinement/ dry lot
Pasture
Combination

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47
Q

What is an eye dog

A 
They stare down sheep to move the sheep closer to the Shepard 
- border collie 
- longer fur 
- black and white or red/white
True eye dogs don't crouch
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48
Q

What is a hunterway

A
  • dogs that move the sheep away from the shepherd
  • more colour and breed variation
  • short fur
  • deep bark
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49
Q

Types of dog shows

A
  • high country single hunt away
  • low land two dog collect
  • st dogmaels sheep dog trial
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50
Q

Guardian breeds

A 
Akbash
Anatolian Shepard
Great Pyrenees 
Komodor 
Kuvasz 
Maremma
Theses dogs should want to stay and protect the flock,
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51
Q

Management of guardian dogs

A
  • place with sheep as puppies
  • fed twice a day
  • allow bond with sheep but also escape
  • don’t allow human bonding but do have control of dog
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52
Q

Other types of guardian animals

A

Donkey, alpaca, llama

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53
Q

What is the first goal of livestock operations

A

Reproduction
- it has the greatest influence on efficiency and profitability
“The creation of new wealth “

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54
Q

Ovaries

A

Primary sex organs

- produce ova, estrogen, progesterone

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55
Q

How many ova does a ewe ovulate

A

3-4 follicles ( 1-2 in Romney )

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56
Q

Oviducts

A
  • lead form the uterus to ovaries
  • end is flared to catch the ova ( infidibulum)
  • ciliates with hairs
  • site of fertilization
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57
Q

Uterus

A
  • two horns and a body

- inner lining contains cotyledons ( 70-150) with caruncles

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58
Q

Cervix

A
  • neck of the uterus
  • thick walled and muscular
  • closed except at estrus and parturition
    Pregnant ewe secretes a mucus plug
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59
Q

Vagina

A
  • female organ of copulation
  • tubular in shape
    Semen deposited at anterior end
  • passage way for the fetus at parturition
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60
Q

Vulva

A
  • external genital organs of the ewe, passage whay for reproductive and urinary system
  • vestibule
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61
Q

Clitoris

A
  • erectile organ of ewe

- sensory nerves

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62
Q

Broad ligament

A
  • supporting tissue
    Suspends ovaries, oviducts and uterus
    Blood vessels and nerves pass through it
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63
Q

Mammary gland and ligaments

A
  • nourishment and survival of the newborn
  • 2 mammary glands
  • one teat on each
  • udder supported by suspension ligaments
  • produces colostrum and milk
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64
Q

Testes

A
  • primary organs
  • produce sperm and testosterone
  • large compared to body size
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65
Q

Scrotum

A
  • two lobed sac that encloses the testes

- AIDS in temperature control

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66
Q

Epididymis

A
  • external duct leading from the testis for sperm transport, concentration and maturation and storage
  • approx 100 feet uncoiled
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67
Q

Vas deferens

A
  • duct from the epididymis to urethra

- enlarged end is the ampullae, when a portion is removed it is a vasectomy

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68
Q

Urethra

A
  • duct for both Uriel and semen

- during ejaculation sperm will mix with accessory gland secretion

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69
Q

Accessory glands

A

Vesicular
Prostate
Cowpers ( bulboureathral )

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70
Q

Penis

A
  • male organ of copulation
  • sigmoid flexure
    Gland penis is the free end that has erectile tissue supplied with sensory nerves
  • Filioque appendage ( not in bucks)
  • prepuce and sheath
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71
Q

Why do bucks smell

A

They have scent glands behind their horns that they spray themselves with so the does are attracted to them . This may taint the goat milk

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72
Q

Cryptochid

A
  • one or both of the testicles do not descend
  • if both then the buck is infertile
  • if one then there is reduce fertility
  • there will still be secondary sexual characteristics due to testosterone
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73
Q

Estrus sheep
How long
How do you know

A

Ewe receptive for 30 hours

  • need a ram to show signs
  • ewe will seek ram, ram will do flehmann reaction
  • she will swish her tail and there will be slight swelling of the vulva
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74
Q

Silent heat

A

No signs of heat ewes

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75
Q

Estrus doe

A 
Receptive for 18-24 hours 
- need a buck for signs 
Doe will seek male
Flehmann reaction 
Tail waggin
Slight swelling of vulva and mucous
Bleating 
Urination close to the buck
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76
Q

Ovulation sheep when to AI

A

Occurs at the end of estrus

  • AI breed 9-12 hours after onset of estrus
  • ovulation is highest within the breeding season and lower out of season
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77
Q

Goat ovulation when to AI

A

12-36 hours AI after onset of estrus

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78
Q

Fertilization

Life of ova and sperm

A

Union of the ova and sperm in oviduct
Ova- 5-8 hour
Sperm- 24 hours

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79
Q

Estrus cycle sheep and goat

A
  • time between adjacent estrus 16-17 days in ewes
    19-22 days in does
  • regulated by hormones
  • interrupted by pregnancy
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80
Q 
Puberty for sheep
Rams
Ewes
Influence
Weight
A

Ram 5-6 months
Ewe 6-10 months
First estrus accompanies by ovulation is puberty but does not denote sexual maturity
- influenced by inheritance, nutrition, date of birth
- 68% of adult

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81
Q

Puberty in goats
Doe
Buck
Weight

A

Doeling 6-8 months
Buck 3.5 months ( wean early )
Breed at 60% of mature weight

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82
Q

Anestrous

3 types in sheep

A

Reproductive inactivity

  1. Seasonal
  2. Lactating
  3. Postpartum
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83
Q

Factors effecting fertility

6

A 
Heredity 
Age of puberty
Age of ewe
Effects of light, temperature and season
Influence of size 
Nutrition
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84
Q 
Heredity on fertility 
Name high fecundity breed
What is normal fertility 
Low fecundity and what gene 
Goats
A 
High 
Finnish landrace 3-5 lambs 
Booroola merino 3-5 
Rideau Arcott 2.5 lambs 
Normal fertility is 1-3
Low is 1 lamb from Romney , Awassi 
Inverdale gene 
Goats have high fecundity
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85
Q

Age of puberty on fertility

A

Breed as ewe lambs 6-10 months
- decrease non productive feed cost and shortens generation interval
Select for early puberty

86
Q

Age of ewe

A

Reproductive rate greater in 3 year olds

87
Q

Effect of light, temp, season on fertility

A

Light= sexual receptivity
Light : dark breeding ration in fall
Too hot or cold will effect fertility, embryo surviva and development
August to January with peak in October to November 10-12 hours light

88
Q

Influence of size on fertility

A

Big sheep have more kids, lambs but the maitence requriements are higher

89
Q

Nutrition on fertility

A

Needs to maintain good condition, not fat

Increase lambing percentage by flushing

90
Q

Does flushing work in goats

A

NO

91
Q

What type of breeders are sheep and goat

A

Polyestrus seasonally

Short day breeders

92
Q

What happens to the breeding season of sheep in warmer climates

A

Less seasonally effected

93
Q

Short breeders sheep September to Jan

Goats

A 
Northern European sheep 
Columbia
Cheviot 
Leicester
Corriedale 
----
Toggenburg 
Saanen
Alpine
LaMancha
94
Q

Extended season breeders ( August to March )

A

Suffolk

Hampshire

95
Q

Long day breeders
July to March 8 months
Sheep and goats

A 
Merino 
Rambouillet 
Dorset 
Finn 
---- goat 
Pygmy 
Nubian 
Boer ( South African ) 
July to April
96
Q

Sheep have how many lambs and at what percent do you want

A

1-3 usually

Want 200% lambing

97
Q

What is the lambing percent equation

A

lambs born / # of ewes exposed *100

98
Q

How to flush a ewe

A

2-3 weeks prior to breeding feed .5-1.4 lbs more of grain
BCS at 3 when breeding
Doesnt work on high fecuditiy breeds ( Finn 3-5 lambs )

99
Q

How to BCS

A

Palpate muscle, fat and skeleton with animal standing relaxed
Locate the 13th rib
Feel the rib, loin eye and back bone and short ribs

100
Q

When to BCS (4)

A

Pre breeding
Mid gestation
Parturition
Weaning

101
Q

Sheep male to female rations
Ram to ewe and ram lamb to ewe
Do you want competition

A

1 ram to 30-50 ewes
1 ram lamb to 15-25 ewes
Rams will fight so no old and young Rams together , completion ensures coverage

102
Q

Goat ratio
Buck to does
How early
Want competition

A

1 mature buck to 50 does
Wean early 3 months
No competition

103
Q

Why manipulate breeding

A

For out of season breeding

And estrus synchronization

104
Q

How does reducing the day length effect the ewe.

How far do you want to change the day length prior to breeding

A

Tricks the pineal gland into thinking its out of season

  • 8 hours of dark 6-8 weeks before breeding or 12 in June
  • continue the lighting over breeding
105
Q

What effect does the lighting have on the Rams

3

A

Greater testicle size
Improves libido
Better semen quality

106
Q

How does temperature effect breeding

A

High temperature decreases embryo survival and sperm quality

107
Q

Ram ratio for out of season breeding

A

1 ram to 10 ewes

108
Q

Light regulation for does for out of season breeding
How long
Why

A

18-20 hours of light for 2 months , then switch to the short day light for fall conditions
- progesterone will improve

109
Q

Progesterone

2 instruments for implant

A

Is a hormone that inhibits the pituitary from releasing FSH and LH and ovulation
- can be used in sponges or CIDR

110
Q

CIDR-G
Name
- how long is it implanted
- how long after removed is estrus

  • how is it used with what hormone
A

Controlled intravaginal drug releasing device

  • implanted 12-14 hours
  • estrus 48-60 hours after removed
  • used in non breeding season with equine chorionic gonadotropin get to stimulate female to cycle and improves the ovulation
111
Q

Sheep gestation

Goat

A

147 days for sheep

Goats 150 days

112
Q

Types of laming programs

4 types

A

1 lamb crop per year
Phase lambing
Accelerated lambing 3 per 2
5 star system

113
Q

1 lamb crop per year

  • who
  • where
A

New producers

On range

114
Q

Phase lambing
How many
How

A

Ewes have 1 lambing per year but with different breeding groups different times of the year for better prices

115
Q

Accelerated lambing
How many
How (3)
When

A 
This is an intensive system 
Lambing to breeding interval is 8 months 
- hormonal and light regulation 
- breed extended season 
-wean early 
- 3 per 2 year
116
Q

Star system 5 points
What are the groups
How
What do you want

A 
5 crops per 3 years 
- very intensive 
Lambing to breeding 7.3 months 
Lambing all year round and breeding 
All twins 
3/5 breedings are out of season 
1. Breeding and pregnant ewes 
2. Lambing or lactating ewes and their lambs 
3. Growing lambs
117
Q

What is ram power mean

A

The ram is genetically half the flock

118
Q

Soundness of the ram (3) things that will effect mating

A

Lameness
Impaired vision
Poor BCS

119
Q

What BCS do you want a ram

A

Ram young 3-3.5
Mature ram 3.5-4
BCS 8 weeks prior to breeding
- maintain after breeding don’t forget them

120
Q

How long before breeding to purchase new ram

Why

A

8-10 weeks
- isolate for 2-3 weeks for illness
And integrate slowly to other Rams or all at once in a little pen for no bunting room

121
Q

Scrotal circumfrece confers 4

A
  • more sperm
  • more mating ability
  • multiple offspring
  • highly heritable
    -correlated negatively with female puberty
    33+ cm for purebred
    36+ for mature Rams
    No guidelines for bucks +25
122
Q

What is a riding harnesss

A

Chalk monitor for mating

- check ram for sores

123
Q

How does hot weather effect the ram

A

Over 32C

  • damages semen
  • decrease libido
  • decrease serving capacity
  • decrease scrotal circumference
  • may cause infertility

Must provide shade

124
Q

What to look for when selecting a ram

A
  • farms health status
  • size, muscle
  • SC 30+
  • good feet
  • good eyes
  • good teeth
  • moderate size head
  • full hind quarters
  • good fleece
  • of twins or triplets
125
Q

How to check the testicles of a ram and prepuce

A
  • sit the ram on his rump
  • palpate
  • should be large and firm with no bumps in epididymis
  • equal size and move freely
  • check the penis moves freely in the prepuce
126
Q

Characteristics to look for in semen

And how to collect

A
  • % abnormal spermatogonia
  • clear/ watery to thick cream
    Collect with a teaser ewe and artificial vagina and electro ejaculation
127
Q

Reproductive problems is Rams

A

Bucellosis ovis
Posthitis or pizzle rot
Testicular hypoplasia

128
Q

Testicular hypoplasia

A

Ram

- small testicles

129
Q

Brucellosis ovis

A

Ram
- bacterial venereal disease not common in Canada
- causes open ewes, abortions, weak lambs at birth , decrease number of lambs born per ewe
Longer lambing season
Pathology
- mass within the tail of epididymis

130
Q

Posthitis

A

Pizzle rot in Rams
- inflammation of prepuce unable to protube penis
- will cause a lack of interest in breeding
Caused by
- feeding excessive protein
- due to the high level of ammonia in the urine
Alkaline and damaging to tissues
Goats get this too but more in the Wethers

131
Q

Goat buck disease

A

Gynecomastia
Prosthitis
Sperm granulomas
Testicular hyperplasia

132
Q

Gynecomastia

A

Rudimentary teats engorge with milk
- testes will function normally
- susceptible to mastitis
Buck

133
Q

Sperm granulomas

A

Buck

  • blockage of tubular duct and back up of sperm
  • rupture and the immune system recognize the foreign mass of scar tissue and cause the granulomas
  • they become sterile
134
Q

Factors affecting when sheep are bred

A 
Availability of pasture 
- local weather condition 
Labour and time restraints 
Market
Early lambing
- for low parasite load 
- lambs arrive with good grass
System type 
Late lambing 
- to avoid weather
135
Q

What is simple inheritance

A

One trait influenced by one gene

136
Q

Qualitative inheritance

A

Dominant and recessive

137
Q

Complex inheritance

A

Trait is influenced by several genes and the environment with continuous variation

138
Q

Horns inheritance

A

Variation in size, shape and rate of development
Jacob sheep have 2,4,6 horns
Polled is dominant
Sex influenced in merino, Rambouillet, and crosses

139
Q

Traits influencing production

5 with 10 defects

A 
Reproduction 
Growth 
Fleece traits 
Carcass traits 
Defects
- lethal 
- jaw defects
- wool blindness 
- skin folds 
- cryptorchidism 
- entropion 
- hernia
-Rectal prolapse 
- horns, scurs
- coloured fleece
140
Q

Traits reproductive

A

Ovulation rate
Fertility
Prolificacy
Survival rate

141
Q

Growth

A 
Birth weight 
Weaning weight 
Rate of gain 
Yearling rate 
Age of puberty
142
Q

Fleece traits

A

Important to range producers

High heritability

143
Q

Carcass traits

A 
Multifactorial 
Difficult to measure 
- fat depth 
Loin eye area
- percent lean
144
Q

Lethal deformities

A
  • cleft palate
  • dwarfism
  • H airlessness
  • muscle contracture
  • paralysis
  • amputee
145
Q

Jaw defects

A
  • jaw too long , too short ( parrot mouth )

- bottom not touching top mouth

146
Q

Wool blindness

A

Open face better for producers, must crutch wooly face

147
Q

Skin folds

A

Merino

- problems at shearing and highly heritable

148
Q

Cryptochidism

A
  • simple recessive but problem for breeders
149
Q

Entropion

A
  • turned up eyelid that irritates the cornea to cause excessive tearing
150
Q

Hernia

A
  • scrotal and umbilical

- inheritable and muscle weakness

151
Q

Outcrossing

A

Purebreeding
Mating unreleated animals together
( how far back is a question

152
Q

Crossbreeding

A

Combing 2 or more breeds

Advantages with heterosis and complementarity

153
Q

Heterosis

Advantages

A

Offspring perform better then purebred
Improves traits with low heritability
- increase fertility , hardiness and growth
3.2 increase in birth weight

154
Q

2 breed rotational cross

A

2/3: 1/3 at equilibrium

- individual heterosis and maternal heterosis

155
Q

3 breed rotational cross

A

5/32:9/32:18/32
14%: 29%: 57%
- uses crossbred dams for maternal and individual heterosis
And complementary for choosing mates that compensate for others weak points
Rambouillet for range and mothering and Hampshire for meat

156
Q

Embryonic mortality parameter

A

First 4 weeks is 20-30% high

157
Q

Reproductive trait heritability

A

Low .06

  • more environment and only expressed in one gender
  • discrete phenotype at maturity
158
Q

Phenotype

A

Genotype+ environment

159
Q

Factors effecting ewe fertility

A

Genetics
Nutrition
Management

160
Q

Poor nutrition one ewe reproduction

A 
- irregualr cycles 
Reduce ovulation 
Weak offspring 
Pregnancy toxaemia 
Reduce twinning 
GnRH and LG output affected by increase in food intake 
Correlated the lamb survival 
Over fed causes difficult lambing
161
Q

Prolific sheep ewe

A

Rideau Arcott 250%

Merino 110% NOT PROLIFIC

162
Q

Genetic Mutation for fertility

A

Booroola gene and inverdale gene

163
Q

Booroola gene

A

May cause increases litter size in merino to 450% to increase ovulation and litter size
BMPR1B originated in the Garole sheep

164
Q

Inverdale gene

A
  • improve fertility
  • can cause abnormal embryos
  • can cause larger litter size
    BMP15
    From the Romney located on X chromosome , homozygous will cause sterility due to ovarian hypoplasia
  • increase litter size may cause decrease embryo survival, increase lamb mortality , low birth weight
165
Q

Gestation doe and ewe

A

5 months

Last 3rd is the most growth of the fetus

166
Q

Crutching

A

Prior to lambing

Remove the excess wool around the face and udder and rear as the lamb may suck on a dag ( string of wool)

167
Q

Pregnancy check list 4 plus explain

A

Nutrition
- don’t over feed ewe
- identify poor grain years and feed accordingly
Boosters and vaccines
- clostridial diseases one month prior to lambing as the toxins cause death
Deworming
- bottle jaw, diarhea, anemia, deworm 6 weeks prior to lambing or do fecal egg count, this is a teratogen
Lambing facilities 2 weeks before
- 6 by 6 pen move 1-2 days after bonding 0C, have creep area and some heat,
- creep, minerals, salt
- Coccidostat, rumensin
- supplies; snare, stomach tube, syringes, vit A,D,E, selenium, electrolyte, 50% dextrose

168
Q

Clostridial disease

A 
Prefringens- lamb dysentery 
Enterotoximia - bloody scours , pulpy kidney 
Chauvoie- black leg
Septicum- malignant edema
Tetani- tetanus
169
Q

Caseous lymphadenitis

A

Pregnant ewe problem
Cheesy gland due to Corynerbacterium pseudomonits
- abscesses that transmit through shearing so start with young and move to old

170
Q

Re-occurence of worms

How to improve

A
  • under dosing
  • returning sheep to contaminated pasture
  • resistant parasite
    To improve
  • follow label
  • weigh
  • identify parasite
  • reduce feed
  • Dry lot while shedding
171
Q

Pregnancy diagnosis

A

Abdominal palpations

Ultrasonography ( day 45-90) with flank sector scanner or intrarectal linear array (35-55)

172
Q

Prolapse vagina

A

Vagina turns inside out due to straining
- cannot urinate and permenantely damage vagina and rectum
- 40% chance of reoccurrence
- weakened muscle of vagina wall
Hormonal changes cause relaxing of pelvic ligaments

173
Q

Factors influencing prolapse vagina and how to control

A
  1. Genetic (saanen)
  2. Overweight
  3. Multiple offspring
  4. Nerve damage ( improper use of docking iron)
    Control
    - suture close
    - monitor for lambing and untie
    - cull at lambing
174
Q

Pregnancy toxaemia

A
  • twin lamb disease, ketosis
    In the last trimester of pregnancy in sheep or in the first four weeks of lactation
  • insufiecient glucose due to fetuses growing very rapidly and multiple fetuse and poor feed and milk quantity
    Signs
  • not eating
  • isolated and weak
  • appears blind, acetone breath
    Death in 2-10 days
    Treat with propylene glycol, cortisol steroids, aborts the lambs
175
Q

Hypocalcemia

A

Dairy goats with low blood calcium in the last 6 weeks of pregnancy or 1st week of lactation due to stress
- weather, moving, nutritional change
Symptoms
- stiff and uncoordinated, trembling and death
Causes
- inadequate blood calcium due to fast growing kids and milk requirement
Treatment
- 20% calcium injection recovery immediate

176
Q

10 days to lambing

A

Udder begins to fill, teats swell

177
Q

2 days to lambing

A

Body temperature decrease 0.5C

178
Q

Hours from lambing

A

Ewe stops eating and isolates from the flock

179
Q

Lambing signs

A
  • straining, water bag appears ( chorioallantois )
  • wet fleece
  • few minutes to lamb complete in 30 min max
180
Q 
Kidding signs 
Weeks
4-10 days 
Hours 
Kidding
A 
Weeks- udder fills 
4-10 days elongation of vulva 
Hours- restlessness/ lying down and getting up 
Kidding 
30minutes to 2 hours for multiple kids
181
Q

Assistance at parturition signs

A
  • must cup the hooves and rotate the lamb in the uterus

- may be due to incorrect presentation such as multiple legs, only one leg and a head

182
Q

Dystocia

A
  1. The doe or ewe has been straining for 30 minutes or more
  2. Lamb is stuck
  3. Abnormal presentation obvious
    Help if needed, be quiet and gentle and clean and only pull with contraction
183
Q

Supplies for lambing

What to check

A 
Beta dine scrub
Lubricant 
Shoulder length sleeve 
Pail of warm water 
Colostrum 
Ropes ( loop above the fetlock or around ears and jaw
Check 
- the lamb is breathing 
Clear nostrils and mouth of mucous
Rub chest vigourosly and place in front of ewe
184
Q

Oversized lambs

A

These are common with singletons or ewe lamb

May require a gental pull to a c-section , may require rotation

185
Q

Prolapse uterus

A 
Generally follow a difficult birth 
Treatment 
- clean
- push back in 
- elevate 
Complication 
- sunburn
- rupture artery 
- tearing
186
Q

Retained placenta

A
  • treatment not necessary unless sign of illness
  • penicillin
  • higher incidence may be problems with selenium and vitamin e in diet
187
Q

Metritis

A 
Sever infection of uterus 
- follows a retained placenta 
Common in does 
Signs 
- fever
- depression 
- decreased appetite 
- smelly dark red vaginal dishcharg
188
Q

Emphysematous foeti

A 
Dead lambs retained in uterus due to inappropriately opened cervix and enter bacteria, lamb rot
Symptoms 
- depression 
-death
- remove lambs and give penicillin
- euthanize
189
Q

3 types of mastitis

A 
Staphaloccous
- blue bag, anytime in lactation 
- ewe will look sick 
- udder is cold and swollen 
- ewe survives but the udder will turn black and fall off
Pasteurella
- udder is hot, swollen and painful 
- anytime in lactation 
- abscess is udder 
Hard udder 
- ewe doesn't look sick 
- udder hard at birth with no milk 
- due to virus
190
Q

Detection of mastitis

Action

A 
Bacterial 
- depression 
- reluctant to walk 
- lame 
- fever
- won't let her lamb nurse 
- weak/ dead lambs 
Hard udder 
- ewe not Ill
- not painful 
Action 
- cull and bottle feed lambs and treat with penicillin 
Or strip the infection
191
Q

Newborns

A
  • should stand within 20 minutes and move to the udder and have colostrum within 2 hours
192
Q

Colostrum

A 
First milk 
Can freeze in 50mL quantities from 6 months 
Must thaw and warm slowly not to kill the proteins and immune cells 
Stomach tube into weak lambs 
50ml per kg body weight = 200-250ml
- antibodies for the first 6weeks 
- enzyme inhibitors 
Nutrients 
- vitamins 
- maternal lymph cells 
- growth factors
193
Q

Starvation

A

1 killer of lambs next to cold weather

  • doesn’t get started
  • no bond
  • mastitis
  • teat to large/low
  • not enough milk
194
Q

When to foster

A
  • rejection of lamb
  • weak lambs
  • too many lambs
  • illness/ death
    By
  • bottle feed milk replacer and cross foster in lamb pens and use lamb skin
  • get the border collie to ewe the ewe
  • tie the ewe to prevent the ewe from turning stanchion
195
Q

What is the mortality rate of the lamb in the first week

A

8-10%

196
Q

What is a healthy lamb

A

Fat
Content
Stretch
Warm mouth and strong sucking reflex

197
Q

Hypothermia

A

Revived by warmth 37-40C
2 oz warmed colostrum
25% dextrose

198
Q

Drip the navel of a lamb

A

Iodine

199
Q

Lamb scours

A

From stress and over feeding colostrum

Or poor milk replacer or mixing or poor water

200
Q

Lamb pneumonia

A

Stress

Drafts and poor ventilation

201
Q

Joint ill

A 
Navel infection 
And inadequate colostrum intake 
Symptom 
- lame and swollen joints 
Treatment difficult and poor prognosis
202
Q

Coccidiosis

A 
- parasitic disease 
Causing scours and blood 
Stress and over crowding 
Treat with electrolytes 
Best treatment is prevention 
Resevoir is manure
203
Q

White muscle disease

A

Selenium and vitamin e deficiency

- painful muscles

204
Q

Orf ( mouth sores)

A
  • viral disease ( vaccine )

Scabs around the mouth and nose

205
Q

Tail docking and castration when

A

Withing 1- several weeks

Lambs must be bonded first

206
Q

Tail docking

Why and how

A

Prevent manure buildup and blowfly strike
- correct length to reduce rectal/vaginal prolapse
Methods
- rubber bands
Hot iron

207
Q

Castration

A

Elastrator
Burdizzo
Knife
Or seperate at 12 weeks from females

208
Q

Record keeping

A

Key to an efficient operation

Makes cullling easier

209
Q

Record

A 
Animal identification 
Lambing date
Lambing identification 
Number of lambs born and weaned 
Health or problems 
50-100 day lamb weights
210
Q

Adjusted weights

A

Age of dam
Sex of lambs
Age of lambs
Type of birth and rearing

WW=WW/ ( WWagestandard age at weaning Adjusted factors (lamb, age of dame, sex))

211
Q

Selection of replacement

A

Visual assessment
Select ewes for good conformation
Based on records
- above weights, twins and ease of lambing

Sheep And Goat ANSC 355 (1 decks)

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