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Ocular Anatomy > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The space that contains the eye, connective tissue, and fat

A

Orbit

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2
Q

The orbital roof is composed of:

A

The frontal bone and the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone

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3
Q

A raised area of bone on the anterior lateral wall of the orbit

A

Whitnall’s tubercle

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4
Q

The medial wall of the orbit is composed of:

A

The frontal process of the maxilla, lacrimal bone, ethmoid bone, and a small portion of the lesser wing of the sphenoid

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5
Q

The orbital floor is composed of:

A

Maxilla, zygomatic bone, orbital process of the palatine bone

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6
Q

Layers of connective tissue within the orbit

A

Orbital fascia

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7
Q

3 types of orbital fascia

A

Bulbar fascia, periosteum, and orbital septum

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8
Q

A thin, dense, fibrous membrane that extends over the eyeball - stretches from the optic nerve entrance posteriorly to the margin of the cornea

A

Fascia bulbi (tenon’s capsule)

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9
Q

The space between the episclera and Tenon’s capsule is called

A

Episcleral or tenon’s space or strands of loose connective tissue

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10
Q

Outer to tenon’s capsule is

A

Orbital fat

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11
Q

Posteriorly in the orbit, a muscle is ensheathed by its epimysium, but anteriorly it is ensheathed by the epimysium as well as by:

A

Tenon’s capsule

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12
Q

Superior rectus fascia sends extensions to unite with the fascial extension from the ___________________________ muscle

A

Levator palpebrae superioris muscle

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13
Q

The inferior rectus fascia becomes continuous with that of the

A

Inferior oblique

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14
Q

A collagen hammock that helps hold the eye and orbital contents in place

A

Suspensory ligament of Lockwood

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15
Q

All orbital striated muscles send off a __________ ligament that anchor them to the bones of the orbitals to other structures nearby

A

check ligament

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16
Q

The check ligament and sheath of the levator palpebrae superioris is a derivative of

A

Tenon’s capsule

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17
Q

The check ligament of the lateral rectus inserts to ________________ of the zygomatic bone

A

Whitnall’s tubercle

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18
Q

The connective tissue coating of the orbital bones that arises from the dura mater of the optic nerve - which follows the optic nerve to the orbital canal

A

Periorbita

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19
Q

At the orbital opening, some dura mater continues as the dura of intraorbital part of optic nerve. The rest of the dura mater splits away to become

A

Periorbita

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20
Q

Bone attachments at sutures leave a mark on the ______________ when it is removed from bone

A

Periorbita

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21
Q

Part of the connective tissue layer of eyelids formed when the Periorbita at the orbital margin runs vertically into the eyelids

A

Orbital septum

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22
Q

The orbital septum ends on the aponeurosis of the _________________________________ in the upper lid and the tarsal plate in the lower lid

A

Levator palpebrae superioris

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23
Q

Much of the tissue posterior to the orbital septum is

A

Orbital fat

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24
Q

_________________ is divided into fat compartments by the extraocular rectus muscles and thin connective tissue layers

A

Orbital(retrobulbar) fat

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25
Q

Fat within the muscle cone (intraconal) is around the ___________ part of the optic nerve

A

Intraorbital

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26
Q

Fat outer to muscle cone (extraconal) is limited by the ____________

A

Periosteum

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27
Q

In intraorbital fat, there are thin partitions of fibrous connective tissue that serve these 3 functions:

A

Connect muscles to periosteum
Divide fat into lobules
Support vessels and nerves

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28
Q

Bones of the face and orbit are derived from _________________________ cells that migrate and then change into __________________

A

Ectodermal neural crest cells

Mesenchyme

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29
Q

The size of the developing orbit is determined by the optic cup of the early eyeball, which is derived from

A

Neural tube ectoderm

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30
Q

The ______________________ of the orbit are the last part of the orbit to develop

A

Bony walls

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31
Q

The ________ develops first, then choroid, sclera, then muscles and finally orbital bony walls, in an in-to-out sequence

A

Retina

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32
Q

Bony parts of the orbit have __________________ development except for the endochondral parts (the sphenoid body, lesser wing and greater wing of the sphenoid bone and the ethmoidal plate

A

Intramembranous

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33
Q

A child does not develop all his cranial capacity until about _______ years old, so skull sutures close tightly around this time, as bone contacts bone

A

5-7

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34
Q

Abnormalities of cranial or facial bones are often due to premature closure of

A

Sutures

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35
Q

The most common type of premature closing of sutures - _____________, scaphocephaly causes no brain damage

A

Sagital suture

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36
Q

Supportive structures that surround the eye, but not the eye itself

A

Ocular adnexa

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37
Q

Of the six muscles that move the eye, four are __________ muscles and the other two are ___________ muscles

A

Rectus;oblique

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38
Q

Rectus muscles originate from the __________________________ at the apex of orbit, which surrounds the optic foramen and the wide part of the superior ophthalmic fissure

A

Annulus of Zinn

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39
Q

________________________ runs forwards underneath levator in the superior orbit - elevates and intorts

A

Superior rectus

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40
Q

____________________ runs forwards along the orbital floor - depresses and extorts the eye

A

Inferior rectus

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41
Q

___________________ runs forwards along the lateral orbital wall - acts to abduct the eye

A

Lateral rectus

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42
Q

The ________________________ is a boney protrusion of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone that often projects across the SOF - anchors the portion of the annulus of Zinn that gives rise to LR

A

Spina recti lateralis

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43
Q

_____________________ runs forward along the medial orbital wall -acts to adduct the wall, strongest extraocular muscle/shortest recti

A

Medial rectus

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44
Q

__________________ originates from the sphenoid bone just superomedially to the optic foramen - NOT PART OF THE ANNULUS OF ZINN

A

Superior oblique

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45
Q

The _____________ tendon is the longest tendon of all EOMs

A

SO

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46
Q

______________________ originates from the maxilla near the lacrimal sac and runs laterally between the inferior rectus and orbital floor/shortest tendon of insertion

A

Inferior oblique

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47
Q

Originates from the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone, superior to the annulus of zinn, runs forwards along the orbital roof until sending out its aponeuroses to insert in the dermis of the upper eyelid

A

Levator palpebrae superioris

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48
Q

Recti insert in the anterior hemisphere of the eye at an average of _______ mm from the corneal margin

A

6.65

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49
Q

The ___________________ is most anterior, inserting only 5.5 mm from the cornea

A

Medial rectus

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50
Q

Obliques insert in the _____________ hemisphere of the eye

A

Posterior

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51
Q

The SO inserts to the __________________ quadrant

A

Superolateral

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52
Q

The IO inserts to the __________________ quadrant, which is near the fovea centralis

A

Inferolateral

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53
Q

Both obliques insert near the two temporal _______ veins

A

Vortex

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54
Q

All 7 muscles receive muscular branches of _______________ artery

A

Ophthalmic

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55
Q

LR also receives a muscular branch of ___________ artery

A

Lacrimal

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56
Q

Muscular branches of infraorbital artery supply _______ and ________ and continue on to the lacrimal sac

A

IO and IR

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57
Q

From the tendons of recti muscles, muscular arteries emerge as _______________________ arteries

A

Anterior ciliary

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58
Q

Two arteries per muscle, except for LR(only has one) for a total of _______ anterior ciliary arteries

A

7

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59
Q

Bilateral condensation of mesodermal mesenchyme is the first sign of muscle development in each orbit. These cells become ___________

A

Myoblasts

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60
Q

Extraocular muscles arise form the paraxial, ________________________

A

Mesodermal somites

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61
Q

The tendons of the primordial EOMs insert into the _______

A

Sclera

62
Q

The _______ is the last muscle to appear, since at first, it is not distinct from SR

A

LPS

63
Q

Late development of extrinsic eye movement is mostly __________________ development

A

Postnatal

64
Q

Muscles mature along with _______________ and its projection to brain

A

Fovea centralis

65
Q

releases factors to induce ectoderm to invaginate into embryo

A

notochord

66
Q

embryologic connective tissue that hold embryo together

A

mesenchyme

67
Q

The Branches of the ___________ carotid artery are responsible for most of the superficial blood supply to the neck, face, and head

A

External

68
Q

The first branch, the ____________________ artery, originates in the carotid triangle and descends into muscular triangle toward the thyroid gland

A

Superior thyroid

69
Q

The smallest branch of the external carotid, the only artery that travels medially upon branching off

A

Ascending pharyngeal

70
Q

The only descending branch of external carotid

A

Superior Thyroid artery

71
Q

Mainly supplies the pharynx with blood, but also sends a tympanic branch into the tympanic canaliculus with tympanic plexus of cranial nerve 10

A

Ascending pharyngeal artery

72
Q

The ____________ artery arises in the carotid triangle opposite to the tip of the hyoid bone - makes and upward bend then runs deep in the tongue muscles

A

Lingual artery

73
Q

The ________ artery arises deep to the posterior belly of the digastrics muscle, ascends over the inferior /external border of the mandible, travels to cheek, and then to medial angle of eyelid

A

Facial

74
Q

Superior to the branching of the lateral nasal artery, the facial artery is known as the _________ artery, because it supplies the medial palpebral angle

A

Angular

75
Q

Comes off common carotid artery - comes off of the brachiocephalic trunk on the right side, and the aortic branch on the left side - goes internally to brain

A

Internal carotid artery

76
Q

Both common carotids travel from neck root to level of superior edge of thyroid cartilage, where they branch into __________ and __________ carotids

A

Internal and external

77
Q

Have receptors that measure blood pressure and chemistry to make sure it gets to the brain and that its getting what it needs

A

Carotid sinus and body

78
Q

Formed from the dermal attachment of the LPS aponeurosis

A

Superior palpebral sulcus

79
Q

The superior palpebral sulcus divides the upper eyelid into what two regions?

A

Tarsal and orbital

80
Q

Caused by indirect attachments of inferior rectus to the lower eyelid dermis

A

Inferior palpebral sulcus

81
Q

Fold of skin that can occur in some people and commonly in some congenital syndromes that runs down the medial canthus due to structure of the underlying orbicularis oculi

A

Epicanthal fold

82
Q

The eyelids can be divided laterally into

A

Ciliary and lacrimal parts

83
Q

Most of the eyelid is the _________ part, that contains the eyelashes

A

Ciliary

84
Q

The lacrimal parts of the lids are the most _________ portion. Lacrimal drainage is found here

A

Medial

85
Q

The thick, fibrous skeleton of the eyelid

A

Tarsal plate

86
Q

The conjunctiva is _____ in color

A

Red

87
Q

The upper tarsal plate is much ___________ than the lower tarsal plate

A

Larger

88
Q

The ____________ glands are visible upon eyelid eversion as vertical yellow lines

A

Tarsal (meibomian) glands

89
Q

At the posterior edge of the tarsal gland duct openings is the _______________ junction

A

Mucocutaneous

90
Q

The skin layer of the eyelid is enitrely ___________

A

Epidermis

91
Q

The subcutaneous areolar tissue is unique, compared to most skin areas, for having no ______

A

Fat

92
Q

Connective tissue just anterior to the orbicularis oculi muscle

A

Subcutaneous areolar tissue

93
Q

The striated muscle in the eyelid is made of the ____________________ muscle

A

Orbicularis oculi

94
Q

The pretarsal and preseptal zones of the eyelid

A

Submuscular areolar (loose) tissue

95
Q

___________ layer is composed of the tarsal plate and orbital septum

A

Fibrous

96
Q

Tarsal plates are ________anteriorly and _________ posteriorly

A

Convex;concave

97
Q

In the upper eyelid, the orbital border is the insertion for the smooth ___________________________

A

Muscle of muller

98
Q

In the lower eyelid, the orbital septum and lower muscle of muller both insert to the

A

Tarsal plate

99
Q

Together, the upper tarsal plate and muscle of muller are known as the

A

Superior tarsal muscle

100
Q

The lower muscle of muller originates from the fascial sheath of the ________________ muscle

A

Inferior rectus

101
Q

What originates from the orbital margin as an extension of periorbita?

A

Orbital septum

102
Q

The __________________separates anterior layers of lids from orbital structures, such as orbital fat

A

Septum

103
Q

The upper septum terminates on the most superiorly placed levator collagen fibers, while lower septum is continuous with _______________

A

Lower tarsus

104
Q

Medially, the tarsi merge to form the medial palpebral ligament, which attaches to the __________

A

Maxilla

105
Q

Laterally, the tarsi merge to form the lateral palpebral ligament, which attaches to _________________

A

Whitnall’s tubercle

106
Q

Which muscle raises the upper eyelid

A

Levator palpebrae superioris

107
Q

What is the origin of the levator palpebrae superioris?

A

The orbital apex from the lesser wing of the sphenoid

108
Q

The lateral horn of levator aponeurosis indents the lacrimal gland and attaches to ____________________

A

Whitnall’s tubercle

109
Q

Medial horn merges with the _________________________ ligament

A

Medial palpebral

110
Q

Centrally, the levator aponeurosis inserts to the upper lid dermis and to anterior surface of __________________

A

Upper tarsus

111
Q

_____________________________ of upper lid is a sympathetically-controlled smooth muscle and helps the levator raise the upper eyelid

A

Muscle of muller

112
Q

the muscles of facial expression

A

Orbicularis oculi

113
Q

The portion of the orbicularis oculi in the eyelids is called the

A

Palpebral part

114
Q

The part of the orbicularis oculi not in the lids, but surrounds the orbital margin on the lower forehead, in the eyebrows, on the temple, and on the cheeks

A

Orbital portion

115
Q

Most of the muscle fibers of the orbicularis oculi origniate from the

A

Medial palpebral ligament

116
Q

The bony origin of some of the muscle fibers is the

A

Medial orbital margin

117
Q

The main palpebral portions are

A

Preseptal and pretarsal

118
Q

The lacrimal part of the orbicularis oculi is called the

A

Horners muscle

119
Q

Muscle of ________ is in the eyelid margin , and is a part of the orbicularis oculi, as well as an extension of the horners muscle - functions to keep the lid margin tightly apposed to the globe

A

riolan

120
Q

____________glands are embedded inside entire height of tarsus - the duct opens into the skin of the eyelid margin

A

Tarsal or meibomian

121
Q

Tarsal or meibomian glands are similar to other __________ glands of the body, but the tarsal glands have many more lobules or ________, which are much larger than normal

A

Sebaceous; acini

122
Q

Tarsal glands have a distinct duct, and no connection to any ______________

A

Hair follicle

123
Q

What kind of cells are at the edge of the acini?

A

Germinal

124
Q

Tarsal glands secrete __________ that serves as lubricant between the eyelid and the cornea, serving as the oily top surface layer of the precorneal tear film

A

Sebum or meibum

125
Q

The secretion of sebum slows down ______________ of the middle, watery, tear layer

A

Evaporation

126
Q

The Sebaceous glands that release sebum to keep the lashes flexible and lubricate the skin of the eyelid margin

A

Glands of zeis

127
Q

Apocrine glands in the eyelid margin where they have developed from the lash follicles with an unknown function

A

Glands of moll

128
Q

The apocrine glands of moll may end on a ______ gland duct, or on the surface of the skin near a cilia

A

Zeis

129
Q

What are the first indiactions of lids?

A

The upper and lower lid folds

130
Q

Lid fold is lines externally and internally by ____________ and has a core of mesenchyme

A

Ectoderm

131
Q

The epidermis, conjuctal epithelium , glands of moll, zeiss, meibomian, wolfring all derive from

A

Surface ectoderm

132
Q

All connective tissue such as tarsus and septum, muscle of muller, vascular smooth muscle, melanocytes, sensory nerves, and post ganglionics nerves derive from the

A

Neural crest ectoderm

133
Q

Gland of moll is blocked and fills with fluid

A

Cyst of moll

134
Q

Gland of zeiss is blockes - causes a white spot on the surface near cilia

A

External hordeolum

135
Q

Meibomian gland blocked - lid could swell, could cause cellulitis

A

Internal hordeolum

136
Q

5 layers of SCALP

A

Skin, connective tissue, aponeurosis, loose connective tissue, periosteum

137
Q

Feigning interest muscle - allows you to lift your eyebrows

A

Frontalis muscle

138
Q

The ____________ forms a sac that lines the anterior sclera and inner(posterior) surface of the lid

A

Conjunctiva

139
Q

_______________ conjunctiva lines the inner surface of the eyelid

A

Palpebral conjunctiva

140
Q

____________conjunctiva is on the eyelid margin

A

Marginal

141
Q

_____________ conjunctiva is posterior to the tarsal plate

A

Tarsal

142
Q

__________ conjuntiva is between the tarsal conjunctiva and fornix conjunctiva

A

Orbital

143
Q

Where the palpebral conjunctiva bends to become the bulbar conjunctiva

A

Fornix conjunctiva

144
Q

____________conjunctiva covers the eyeball

A

Bulbar

145
Q

_________bulbar is over the sclera

A

Scleral

146
Q

___________ bulbar is near the corneal margin at corneo-scleral junction or limbus

A

Limbal

147
Q

Skin epidermis of the eyelid stops at the ______________________ junction at the posterioredges of tarsal gland openings

A

Mucocutaneous

148
Q

After about 2 mm, the marginal epithelium thins down at the subtarsal sulcus to go from stratified squamous nonkeratinized marginal conjunctival epithelium to become __________ epithelium

A

Tarsal

149
Q

The __________ sulcus captures large objects such as shed eyelashes

A

Subtarsal

150
Q

__________ cells often occur in the marginal palpebral conjunctiva

A

Goblet q

Ocular Anatomy (2 decks)

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