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HS101 Anatomy > Midterm (1-5) > Flashcards

Midterm (1-5) Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

‘Anatomy’ refers to the “structure” of the human body. The, “what is where” in the body?

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2
Q

Dissection

A

‘Dissection’ is cutting the body apart to isolate its components.

This is important so that we may know when a structure ends and another begins.

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3
Q

Physiology

A

‘Physiology’ is concerned with HOW the body works – how its structures work together to function in support of the human organism as a whole.

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4
Q

Disease

A

‘Disease’ is a departure from the “typical” structure and/or function of the body, with that departure pushing physiological function away from internal stability.

This plays a crucial role in helping us understand how the body SHOULD look and act.

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5
Q

Pathology

A

‘Pathology’ is the scientific study of diseases. How disease processes result from or cause abnormalities in normative body structure and/or function.

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6
Q

Chemical Level

A

‘Chemical Level’ is the SMALLEST organizational level of the body. This refers to atoms that combine to make molecules, and molecules make up organelles

(What are organelles?)

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7
Q

Organelles

A

‘Organelles’ are “little organs” of a cell (e.g., nucleus, mitochondria, etc)

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8
Q

Cells

A

‘Cells’ are the smallest and simplest “living” components of the human body

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9
Q

Tissues

A

‘Tissues’ are groups of specialized cells that make up tissues

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10
Q

Organs

A

‘Organs’ are a number of kinds of tissues that work collectively to to perform one or more specialized functions

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11
Q

Microscopic Anatomical Features

A

This refers to when things such as, chemicals and cellular levels, need a microscope to see

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12
Q

Gross Anatomical Features

[“Gross” meaning “obvious”]

A

This refers to when we can see organs with our naked eye

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13
Q

Systems

A

‘Systems’ are the LARGEST organizational level of the human body.

Systems are made up of a collection of organs that are organized to perform some higher-level function.

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14
Q

Anatomical Position

A

Erect (standing) position, facing forward.

Palms of the hands face the viewer, as well as the feet and toes.

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15
Q

Supine Position

A

Body laying down, facing up

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16
Q

Prone Position

A

Body lying down, facing down

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17
Q

(Anatomical Direction): Superior

A

When a body part is referred to as: vertically closer to the TOP

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18
Q

(Anatomical Direction): Inferior

A

When a body part is referred to as: closer to the BOTTOM of the feet

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19
Q

(Anatomical Direction): Anterior

A

When a body part is referred to as: towards the FRONT of the body

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20
Q

(Anatomical Direction): Posterior

A

When a body part is referred to as: towards the BACK of the body

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21
Q

‘Ventral’ and ‘Dorsal’

A

‘Ventral’ meaning FRONT
‘Dorsal’ meaning BACK

These are use interchangeably with ‘anterior’ and ‘posterior’ when referring to human and animal body parts

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22
Q

(Anatomical Direction): Medial

A

A body part that is CLOSER TO THE MIDDLE division of the body

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23
Q

(Anatomical Direction): Lateral

A

A body part that is FARTHER AWAY from the midline of the body

24
Q

(Anatomical Direction): Proximal

A

When describing the location of points on a limb, ‘Proximal’ is CLOSER to the limb’s point of attachment to the body

25
Q

(Anatomical Direction): Distal

A

When describing the location of points on a limb, ‘Distal’ is FURTHER away from the limb’s point of attachment to the body

26
Q

(Anatomical Direction): Superficial

A

A location TOWARDS THE SURFACE of a body structure or organ

27
Q

(Anatomical Direction): Deep

A

A location that is TOWARDS THE CENTRE of a body structure or organ

28
Q

Sections

A

Term used to describe “cuts” of the body

29
Q

Sagittal section

A

Vertical cut that divides the body into left and right parts. This cut can be made anywhere down the body

30
Q

Parasagittal section

A

If a cut down the body does not result in symmetrical left and right sides

31
Q

Mid-sagittal section

A

If a cut on the body is made directly on the midline of the body.

This divides the body into symmetrical right and left equal sides.

32
Q

Frontal/coronal section

A

Vertical cut on the body that divides the body into front and back

33
Q

Transverse/cross section

A

Horizontal cut that divides the body into top and bottom

These NEVER divide the body into “equal” halves

34
Q

Oblique plane

A

Body cuts in any direction (i.e., diagonal cuts)

35
Q

Ventral and Dorsal Cavity

A

These are the two major body cavities

Ventral cavity: “front” of the body
Dorsal cavity: “back” of the body

36
Q

Cranial cavity

A
  • Housed in the dorsal cavity
  • Formed by skull
  • Contains the brain
37
Q

Spinal cavity

A
  • Housed in the dorsal cavity
  • Formed by vertebrae
  • Contains spinal cord
38
Q

(Superior) Thoracic cavity

A
  • Housed in the ventral cavity

- Holds 3 cavities: left pleural cavity (left lung), right pleural cavity (right lung), pericardial cavity (heart)

39
Q

Mediastinum

A

Separates the three cavities (left pleural cavity, right pleural cavity, pericardial cavity) of the thoracic cavity

40
Q

(Inferior) Abdominopelvic cavity

A

Can be subdivided into the:

  • (Superior) Abdominal cavity, holding the stomach, liver, spleen, kidneys, small intestine and most of the large intestine
  • (Inferior) Pelvic cavity, holding the bladder and internal reproductive organs
41
Q

Diaphragm

A

Separates the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity apart

42
Q

Abdominopelvic quadrants

A

This cavity is so large that it is helpful to have location cues to describe where specific organs are located

(RUQ, RLQ, LUQ, LLQ)

43
Q

Homeostasis

A

The relative constancy of the internal environment. In other words, the ability to maintain internal stability. This is an optimal state.

44
Q

Feedback loops

A

When our body constantly adjusts in order to get back into “comfortable” range

45
Q

Negative feedback loops

A

This pushes the body TOWARD the desired conditions.

This is the main mechanism of homeostasis.

46
Q

Positive feedback loops

A

This pushes the body AWAY from “normal” by amplifying a response in the same direction, whereas negative feedback loops does the opposite

47
Q

The Integumentary System

A
  • Skin
  • Largest organ in your body
  • 3 layers: epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
48
Q

The Skeletal System

A

Cartilage, ligaments, marrow

49
Q

The Muscular System

A

Skeletal muscles, involuntary muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle

50
Q

The Nervous System

A

Central nervous system (CNS) & peripheral nervous system (PNS)

51
Q

The Endocrine System

A

Secretes hormones.

Can be referred to as ‘neuroendocrine system’ since the endocrine system works with the nervous system

52
Q

The Cardiovascular System

A

The heart, arteries, veins, capillaries

53
Q

Lymphatic System and Immunity

A

Lymphatic organs (lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, tonsils) and lymphatic vessels

54
Q

The Respiratory System

A

The respiratory system plays an important role in getting oxygen to cells, and carbon dioxide away from cells.

The CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM -> transports these gases
The RESPIRATORY SYSTEM -> does the work of gas exchange

55
Q

The Digestive System

A

Facilitates the ingestion of food and drink and excretes wastes. It is a tube that is open on each end, sometimes referred to as the alimentary canal

56
Q

The Urinary System

A

Includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. This system filters your blood, removing waste and excess water.

HS101 Anatomy (2 decks)

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