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PHIL 2810 > Midterm #1 > Flashcards

Midterm #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Reification

A

Turning people into things or possessions

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2
Q

Egoism

A

Your desires are the motivation and goal of one’s actions.

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3
Q

Positivism

A

Sensory experiences interpreted through scientific reasoning and logic are the only true sources of authoritative knowledge.

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4
Q

Utilitarianism

A

Greatest good for the great number.

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5
Q

Kantian Deontology

A

Ethically just if the decision was based on a set of rules (like the golden rule).

  • motive is important
  • consequence of your actions is important
  • ends and means are both important.
  • consider both.
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6
Q

Moral Pluralism

A

Several different values can all be right while being in conflict with each other

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7
Q

Consequentialism

A

Consequence of your action justify whether it was ethical.

- ends justify the means.

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8
Q

Welfarism

A

Only ethical decisions/judgments are when an action relates to the welfare of another person.

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9
Q

Sum-Ranking

A

An ethical position can not be dismissed if there are at least as many people who believe in one position as another acceptable ethical position.

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10
Q

Libertarianism

A

Total freedom.
Justice is equality.
Individual > community
Maximize autonomy and freedom

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11
Q

Types of Justice

A
  • restorative
  • commutative
  • retributive
  • distributive
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12
Q

Liberal Egalitarianism

A

Equality of opportunity. Any inequality that follows is just.
Individual > community

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13
Q

Specific Egalitarianism

A

Was is just in one domain does not always apply to another domain.
Different domains are able to have different views of what is just
- Walzer

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14
Q

Communitarianism

A

Critical of libertarianism and Liberal Egalitarianism.
Limited perspective because it doesn’t account for the influence of society.
Community > Individual

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15
Q

Prioritarianism

A

Give priority to those who need it most.
Help the worst off
Compassion > fairness

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16
Q

Sufficientism

A

Justice falls when everybody has the minimum requirement of what is sufficient.

17
Q

Justifications for Public Health Intervention

A
  • Overall Benefit
  • Collective Action
  • Protecting the Vulnerable
  • Harm Principle
  • Paternalism
  • Least Intrusive intervention
18
Q

What influences equity

A

Accessibility - geographically & financially
Acceptability - culturally safe
Availability - actually have the services you need.

19
Q

Personhood

A 
Scientific?
- Genetic (fertilized egg)
- Biological (organs, nervous system, fetal viability)
- Physically (child is born)
- Higher Functioning (after birth)
Moral
- interest 
- worthy of moral regard?
20
Q

Refugee Categorization

A

Cat. 1 - Government Sponsored Refugees (Syrian)
Cat. 2 - Unexpected Refugees
Cat. 3 - “Refugees” from safe countries.

21
Q

Arguments For Universal Health Care

A
  • Health is necessary for fair opportunity
  • The special status of health. Providing health based on ability to pay is morally wrong.
  • Moral situation controlled by the capitalistic insurance market are in conflict.
  • Controls free-loading. (how is free loading possible in the other system?)
22
Q

Arguments Against Universal Health Care

A
  • false universalism
  • leveling down
  • ignores pluralism - “Good health” is viewed differently in many cultures.
  • egalitarianism
  • Meadowcroft
23
Q

Argument For Refugee Health Care

A

We have a moral responsibility to help those who are unsafe in their own country. Lester B Pearson.

24
Q

Argument Against Refugee Health Care

A

Prevent Abuse of the System. Public Policy

25
Q

Arguments For HIV Testing

A
  • prevent abuse of the system. Public Policy

- excessive burden to our health care system.

26
Q

Arguments Against HIV Testing

A
  • Against Basic Human Rights (intrusive). Infringements on liberty
  • incentive to lie about medical history. (it’s going to happen anyways, so why not make it safe - the drug argument)
  • threat to Canadian citizens (comparing health vs. economic safety)
  • stigmatization of minorities.
27
Q

Justice is fair distribution of freedom

A
  • Nozick & Narveson
  • Libertarianism
  • inequality to follows is just
  • prevents people form getting lazy
28
Q

Justice is fair distribution of opportunity

A
  • Liberal Egalitarian
  • Rawls
  • Will Theory - gives the right holder power over another
29
Q

Justice is fair distribution of goods

A
  • Utilitarianism
  • More specifically - welfarism
  • Interest Theory - gives the right holder power over his own interests.
30
Q

Arguments For Abortion

A
  • “an acorn is not an oak tree”
  • comparing quantity vs. quality of life. Improper comparison.
  • mothers rights - autonomy
  • Fetal interests - continuity of care.
  • expectation of woman to be supererogatory.
  • woman judged for their sexual lives.
31
Q

Arguments Against Abortion

A
  • Potentiality.
  • If we do not have this touchstone of where life begins, what lines are we ever able to actually draw?
  • conscientious objection - refusal because it conflict with deeply held personal beliefs
32
Q

Allocation Principles of Scarce Medical Resources

A
  • treating people equally
  • favoring the worse-off (prioritarianism)
  • maximize benefits
  • social usefulness
33
Q

Treating People Equally

A
  • first come, first serve

- lottery

34
Q

Favoring the Worse-Off

A
  • sickest first - immediately worse off

- youngest first - long term worse off.

35
Q

Complete Lives Theory

A

Youth whom we have invested our resources in (university students) should get priority.

36
Q

The Categorical Imperative

A

a way of evaluating motivations for action.

37
Q

Surrogacy - Carrying Mother Argument

A
  • parental rights.
  • definition of parent - genetic or carrier?
  • false compromise
  • inability to make informed decision
38
Q

Surrogacy - Commissioning Parents Argument

A
  • definition of parent - genetic

- prepared for the baby.

39
Q

Different definitions of Parenthood

A
  • Gestational
  • Genetic
  • Social

PHIL 2810 (2 decks)

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