Midterm #1 Flashcards
Reification
Turning people into things or possessions
Egoism
Your desires are the motivation and goal of one’s actions.
Positivism
Sensory experiences interpreted through scientific reasoning and logic are the only true sources of authoritative knowledge.
Utilitarianism
Greatest good for the great number.
Kantian Deontology
Ethically just if the decision was based on a set of rules (like the golden rule).
- motive is important
- consequence of your actions is important
- ends and means are both important.
- consider both.
Moral Pluralism
Several different values can all be right while being in conflict with each other
Consequentialism
Consequence of your action justify whether it was ethical.
- ends justify the means.
Welfarism
Only ethical decisions/judgments are when an action relates to the welfare of another person.
Sum-Ranking
An ethical position can not be dismissed if there are at least as many people who believe in one position as another acceptable ethical position.
Libertarianism
Total freedom.
Justice is equality.
Individual > community
Maximize autonomy and freedom
Types of Justice
- restorative
- commutative
- retributive
- distributive
Liberal Egalitarianism
Equality of opportunity. Any inequality that follows is just.
Individual > community
Specific Egalitarianism
Was is just in one domain does not always apply to another domain.
Different domains are able to have different views of what is just
- Walzer
Communitarianism
Critical of libertarianism and Liberal Egalitarianism.
Limited perspective because it doesn’t account for the influence of society.
Community > Individual
Prioritarianism
Give priority to those who need it most.
Help the worst off
Compassion > fairness
Sufficientism
Justice falls when everybody has the minimum requirement of what is sufficient.
Justifications for Public Health Intervention
- Overall Benefit
- Collective Action
- Protecting the Vulnerable
- Harm Principle
- Paternalism
- Least Intrusive intervention
What influences equity
Accessibility - geographically & financially
Acceptability - culturally safe
Availability - actually have the services you need.
Personhood
Scientific? - Genetic (fertilized egg) - Biological (organs, nervous system, fetal viability) - Physically (child is born) - Higher Functioning (after birth) Moral - interest - worthy of moral regard?
Refugee Categorization
Cat. 1 - Government Sponsored Refugees (Syrian)
Cat. 2 - Unexpected Refugees
Cat. 3 - “Refugees” from safe countries.
Arguments For Universal Health Care
- Health is necessary for fair opportunity
- The special status of health. Providing health based on ability to pay is morally wrong.
- Moral situation controlled by the capitalistic insurance market are in conflict.
- Controls free-loading. (how is free loading possible in the other system?)
Arguments Against Universal Health Care
- false universalism
- leveling down
- ignores pluralism - “Good health” is viewed differently in many cultures.
- egalitarianism
- Meadowcroft
Argument For Refugee Health Care
We have a moral responsibility to help those who are unsafe in their own country. Lester B Pearson.
Argument Against Refugee Health Care
Prevent Abuse of the System. Public Policy
Arguments For HIV Testing
- prevent abuse of the system. Public Policy
- excessive burden to our health care system.
Arguments Against HIV Testing
- Against Basic Human Rights (intrusive). Infringements on liberty
- incentive to lie about medical history. (it’s going to happen anyways, so why not make it safe - the drug argument)
- threat to Canadian citizens (comparing health vs. economic safety)
- stigmatization of minorities.
Justice is fair distribution of freedom
- Nozick & Narveson
- Libertarianism
- inequality to follows is just
- prevents people form getting lazy
Justice is fair distribution of opportunity
- Liberal Egalitarian
- Rawls
- Will Theory - gives the right holder power over another
Justice is fair distribution of goods
- Utilitarianism
- More specifically - welfarism
- Interest Theory - gives the right holder power over his own interests.
Arguments For Abortion
- “an acorn is not an oak tree”
- comparing quantity vs. quality of life. Improper comparison.
- mothers rights - autonomy
- Fetal interests - continuity of care.
- expectation of woman to be supererogatory.
- woman judged for their sexual lives.
Arguments Against Abortion
- Potentiality.
- If we do not have this touchstone of where life begins, what lines are we ever able to actually draw?
- conscientious objection - refusal because it conflict with deeply held personal beliefs
Allocation Principles of Scarce Medical Resources
- treating people equally
- favoring the worse-off (prioritarianism)
- maximize benefits
- social usefulness
Treating People Equally
- first come, first serve
- lottery
Favoring the Worse-Off
- sickest first - immediately worse off
- youngest first - long term worse off.
Complete Lives Theory
Youth whom we have invested our resources in (university students) should get priority.
The Categorical Imperative
a way of evaluating motivations for action.
Surrogacy - Carrying Mother Argument
- parental rights.
- definition of parent - genetic or carrier?
- false compromise
- inability to make informed decision
Surrogacy - Commissioning Parents Argument
- definition of parent - genetic
- prepared for the baby.
Different definitions of Parenthood
- Gestational
- Genetic
- Social
