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+IS 201 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Khant

A

Endorsed cosmopolitanism; wanted international system based on principles of mutual respect. Exemplifies Enlightenment thinking.

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2
Q

Cosmopolitanism

A

an ethical theory. All humans belong to a moral domain and have obligations towards one another. A robust form of global ethic. Associated with Khant.

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3
Q

T H Wells

A

Evolutionary path leads from civil to political to social rights.

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4
Q

Netizen

A

identity formed on basis of shared interests. Citizenship challenges traditional bonding between state and individual. Non-territorial. Breaks down state authority.

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5
Q

Westphalian system

A

in which individuals = objects of international law, and states = subjects with authority to represent claims of its citizens.

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6
Q

Good International Citizenship

A

the idea that concern for human rights within a framework that values respect for sovereignty of states. goodness is inherent, not comparative. In GIC, state is regarded as citizen of international community, with certain rights and duties. state must be prepared to forgo commercial/diplomatic advantages rather than condone human rights.

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7
Q

English School Theory

A

need to protect order-generating states-systemic practice

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8
Q

Principle of Subsidarity

A

objectives of a proposed action should only be carried through community action if the framework of national constitutional systems cannot sufficiently achieve the goals

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9
Q

Normative cosmopolitan

A

commits EU to equal standing of all individuals, including democratic control over the institutions that shape their lives

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10
Q

Global

A

encompasses problem, identities, etc that affects everyone everywhere

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11
Q

citizenship

A

participation in economic, political, and social life; rights/responsibilities. The definition of relationship between individual and the state.

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12
Q

stoics

A

cosmo-polites as citizens of the cosmos. Divine order as governed by reason and rationality. Universal and holistic.

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13
Q

Perpetual Peace

A

Khant. Peace within and between states. In modern terms, Democratic Peace Theory. War is a logically bad idea. We are essentially all the same. We are trying to better citizen’s lives. In order to stop creating the next generation of war, increase travel, commerce, exploration.

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14
Q

Liberal Internationalism

A

democratic relations between states, economic interdependence makes war too costly, norms regarding what is right

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15
Q

anti-establishment

A

anti-ruling heads/elites. No leader. America.

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16
Q

American exceptionalism

A

Reinforced over time. Gets tied to moral idea to help others across the globe. Export values/morals/ideas. US has a lot of resources “god made them special”. “If not exceptional why is our culture so popular?”
May be in decline (Vietname War was lost first in string of victories. “Everything (every power) must fall eventually (and has historically”

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17
Q

Neoliberal Ideology

A

Thatcher and Reagan. Need to stop social welfare, emphasize market to maximize efficiency and compete with BRIC states. Sink or swim, invest in best mentality. View state as obstacle to prosperity. State is unable to protect well-being. Self-fufilling prophecy?

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18
Q

International law

A

isn’t often able to directly regulate but the threat of punishment is (hopefully) effective at holding actors accountable. a result of norms.

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19
Q

International norms

A

build up pressure against an action until a majority of the world’s actors change their minds. Hit a tipping point, from there norms are codified as laws. ex: sea laws, R2P, UN, political correctedness.

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20
Q

Eurocentrism

A

exporting Westphalian state. Through colonialism, every country is governed by state. 1 actor is more powerful than all the other actors in area combined. Social capitalism and democracy internatlized, unquestioned. State locks in “haves” at top, “have nots” at bottom. Status quo is hard to break.

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21
Q

failed states

A

all the worst the state system, none of the benefits. No protection nor duty from state to people. All duties but no rights from people to state. Only fighting for power.

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22
Q

Resilient Westphalian citizenship

A

state based (passports, trade, protection, migration, conscription, welfare, democratic agency), inequality within/between, dangerous, symbolic

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23
Q

Odious debt

A

contested subject of international law. Legal theory that holds that national debt incurred by a regime for purposes that do not serve the best interest of the nation shouldn’t be enforcable. Norway.

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24
Q

Regional citizenship

A

regional associations. The EU.

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25
Q

Citizen pilgrim

A

most cosmpolitan, contested, and weakest form of citizenship. aka neo-medivalism. Complex layering of international, national, sub-national identities. Often seen as idealistic and impractical because of lack of commitment to public goods and action of behalf of “other”…. awareness but no action.

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26
Q

Norm Entrepreneurship

A

individuals who put pressure on state to make institutional change. Ex: land mind activists.

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27
Q

Emerging norms

A

something that hasn’t become law yet; an idea that is being talked about but not acted upon yet, like climate change (Kyoto agreement, montreal protocol) or R2P (nobody wants to do it)

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28
Q

multilateral decision making

A

states give away their right to use force on other nations. gives power to multilateral organizations like League of Nations, UN, WHO, Int Bank, EU

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29
Q

international human rights law

A

promote and protect non discriminatory/non alienable human rights on an international, regional, and domestic level. came into effect with UN UDHR

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30
Q

pooling of state

A

authority resides above sovereignty of state

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31
Q

direct effect

A

if EU makes law, it immediately becomes law in countries without discussion in state government, creates democratic deficiency, but more efficient (takes politics out of law making)

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32
Q

intergovernmental

A

wherein laws/rules must be debated among members, as in UN

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33
Q

dual citizenship

A

Roman, loyalty to local community and to nation state

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34
Q

supranationalism

A

authority above the state, EU is the only supranational organization in the world

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35
Q

top down institutionalization

A

EU was implemented by elites (Eurocratz) who decided what Europe needed. Top-down lacks identity because it lacks a strong base.

36
Q

Impersonal reciprocity

A

trust among individuals, “I’ll do this for you knowing that someone else will do something for me”, compare to generalized reciprocity “I’ll do this for you knowing you will do that for me in the future”

37
Q

Agency

A

ability to stop things/start things when/how you want

38
Q

communitarianism

A

we have obligation to tribe; nationally defined citizenship (compare to cosmopolitarianism: individual inalienable rights)

39
Q

Greek vs Roman Models of Citizenship

A

citizen of the world vs dual citizenship.
Greek: citizenship does not menifest legally beyond state borders. Explicit legal rights/duties at home, implicit normative rights/duties abroad. Global citizenship replaces city-state loyalties.
Roman: loyalty to local community and to Rome. Freedom of movement and trade, passive citizenship in right to protection.

40
Q

State as subject

A

concept in Westphalian system, states have authority to represent claims of its citizens

41
Q

Westphalian state vs Regionalism

A

helps overcome disillusionment with declining activities of state to manage intersecting interests of its population.
micro nationalisms can participate in larger collective frameworks without bitterness associated with subordination to a dominant territorial nationalism.

42
Q

World Citizenship: ethical or institutional conception?

A

ethical: what people should morally do. political communities are artificial, contingent on random location of birth.
institutional: no institutions = no citizenship, institutions = history, because of this global citizenship is impossible because there are no common morals, rights, duties

43
Q

World Citizenship: debasing vs enriching conception?

A

debasing: redundant expression of global ethic, world citizens are rootless, if no one identitifies with local contributions from local to whole are meaningless
enriching: better to accept than to not, we do not become rootless unless we altogether reject other levels of identity/community. Intend globally, act locally. citizenship is about community, not only duty.

44
Q

World Citizenship: tied to world government?

A

tied: global citizenship needs to reflect state government w/ taxation, allegiance, etc
not tied: involves commitment to working through/developing global institutions as needed. ex: UN, WHO, World Bank, UNICEF, ICC, etc

45
Q

World Citizenship: presupposing traditional objectivist ethic?

A

yes: Western thought associated with enlightenment, cosmopolitan norms
no: central norms are relative to time and place, agents accept they have moral reason to act responsibly in relation to the whole world and cooperate to protect common interests.

46
Q

World Citizenship: is everyone a citizen?

A

everyone: we have duties in principle towards all human beings, the world is so interconnected/interdependent so we share in combined responsibility to avoid/reduce/address common problems.
some: only those who identity/act as a world citizen can be one. Citizenship can only apply to those whose activities have significant global impact and they are aware and responsible.

47
Q

World Citizenship: challenges or complements national citizenship?

A

challenges: feel less patriotic, not obeying law, not putting energy into local community
complements: concentric circles of family, community, political community, world; existing political structure or NGO can mediate expression of global citizenship

48
Q

What does Good International Citizenship assume?

A

1) states are dominant actors on international stage
2) state represents a coherent and cohesive community
3) prominence of human rights

49
Q

intellectual difficulties with Good International Citizenship

A

1) applicability of the individual analogy is obviously false; can states be morally autonomous?
2) is citizenship the right analogy? no overarching authority
3) charges of cultural imperialism/imposition of Western values

50
Q

weaknesses of good International Citizenship

A

works well in realms like human rights
Not so well in environmental politics, development
doesn’t promote radical change in the ways in which international agreements are reached/implemented/policed. Can GIC react to global crisises quickly enough?

51
Q

GIC only needs small sacrifices…

A

bad because radical change is needed. good because it is difficult for political elites to claim nothing can be done. GIC can be a stepping stone.

52
Q

Mutual trust is needed to achieve political order…

A
  • trust among individuals (impersonal reciprocity)
  • shaping institutions that in turn shape us (confidence in general compliance)
  • need for compliance (EU musn’t be perceived as interference)
  • willing support for institutional change
53
Q

Impersonal motivation as basis for citizenship

A

Union citizenship needs normative common basis.

a) commitment to institutions and to a political theory
b) discussion of citizenship may errode trust in Union (always highlights deficiets)
c) challenge of multiple citizenships (citizenship doesn’t have to be mutually exclusive)

54
Q

commitment to institutions

A

1) Commitment to legislation, reason to believe others will comply in the future
2) Belief in principles that justify
3) Belief in political theory that grounds EU

55
Q

evolution of sovereignty

A

The sovereign –> a person; King Louis XIV “the state is I”
revolutions
Sovereign state –> “no one is above the law”
emergent norm
Human Rights –> R2P, international community needs to intervene if state doesn’t protect human rights

56
Q

History of Global Citizenship: the world wars

A

after war, image of unified Europe was shattered, Europe was bankrupt, trust was gone, US last man standing.

57
Q

League of Nations

A

Wilson, built on liberal internationalism. democractic relations between states, economic interdependence makes war too costly, all states are equal, tried to tie down big powers to prevent war (ultimately failed because big powers didn’t need the League)

58
Q

History of Global Citizenship: after the world wars

A

United Nations: teeth given to UN council, sole organization with right to use force to create/maintain peace. Immediately frozen by Cold War P5=Russia, France, Britain, US, China because of veto power.

59
Q

Contemporary issues in globalized world

A 
environment: global warming, pollution exports (city in Quebec that exports asbestos)
international crime (transnational syndicates, trafficking and terrorism) 
inequality: poverty (less than before, but gap between rich and poor is widening as seen in Gini index.  poor can see what rich people have.  within and between states... multinational corporations like Apple have more money than small-medium states, Foreign Direct Investment pours tons of money into strategic places for control)
60
Q

challenges to statist view

A

civil: restraints on government abuse, state has ability to make/enforce laws, ex Holocaust: easier to convict perpetrators when they targeting people outside their state
political: when state isn’t democratic it is seen as less worthy of power and non-interference, eurocentric
social rights: welfare state, ex: health care, education

61
Q

three elements that led to embrace of radical separatism

A

IT (switch from hierarchy to network organization, undermines authority), migration (multiculturalism dilutes loyalty and state becomes holding place), increased labour mobility

62
Q

forms of citizenship

A

resilient westphalian state, regional, citizen pilgrim

63
Q

resilient westphalian state as: state based, flawed, symbolic

A

state based: passports, trade, protection, migration, conscription, welfare, democratic agency

flawed: inequality within (race based ex: residential schools), between (eurocentrism favours developed countries), dangerous (those who don’t profit from system may try to overthrow when there aren’t legal means things could get illegal/violent)
symbolic: post modern (state taken for granted, not as much investment in state, state not core of identity), modern (state as instrument of power), pre modern (state is source of threat)

64
Q

“the best is the enemy of the good”

A

when people try to acheive the best outcome, anything less is no good ex: voting system, ex: perfect equality and global citizenship

65
Q

what does citizen pilgrim want?

A

to decrease consummerism, work on sustainable development. change comes from people, then government catches up and puts laws in place. Dialogue is important, doesn’t impose solution but generates possible solutions.

66
Q

Strengths of Good International Citizenship

A
  • national security, international order, human rights are mutually reinforcing
  • no need for revolution (too costly, compromise)
  • multilateral decision making (give power to multilateral organizations. reason why EU is effective at implementing new rules), managable commitments
67
Q

Weaknesses of Good International Citizenship

A
  • how effective are global institutions?
  • maintains status quo
  • failure of developed world to live up to obligation (ex: donating 0.7% GDP)
68
Q

Goals of international human rights law

A

be foster cooperation, between states through treaties and signed agreements designed to promote and protect human rights

69
Q

By signing on to Good International Citizenship, states agree to…

A

1) the obligation to respect
- not to intentionally w/ citizens ability to enjoy human rights
2) the obligation to protect
- protect citizens against any entity that threatens/abuses human rights
3) the obligation to fulfill
- take action to ensure citizens are always in possession of human rights

70
Q

Role of United Nations in upholding International Human Rights Law

A
  • maintain international peace/security
  • promote sustainable development
  • deliver humanitarian aid
71
Q

Human Rights and Westphalian Identity

A

dualist view: international law separate from state law, enforcement of international law requires incorporation into state law via parliament action, court, etc –> special tranformation
monist view: international and state law are single system, sate law is subservient to international law, general transformation, self executing

72
Q

IHRL supports Westphalian Identity

A

tsunami 2004

  • human rights council trying to establish systems with affected countries to detect disasters sooner and evacuate efficiently
  • holding government accountable
  • ethical intervention: only for country’s benefit and with their permission
73
Q

IHRL doesn’t support Westphalian Identity

A

R2P in Libya
-R2P designed to be used when state is unable or unwilling to address gross human rights violations, intervention should first be attempted through diplomatic channels

74
Q

Human Rights and Global Citizenship

A

tsunami relief has improved
R2P has left Libya as essentially failed state
-problems with P5, went against Russia and China

however, states are growing more likely to seek international support when attrocities take place

75
Q

Contemporary challenges with R2P

A
  • learning how to deal after R2P is implemented
  • Trusteeship Council that deals with colonized countries move towards independence should move towards helping countries after R2P or attrocities
    • Canadian “ghost government” in Afghanistan
76
Q

International law works great with….

A

economics because of robust, rigid enforement system.
human rights not so much, self interst gets in the way because the cost to interfere sometimes seen as not worth gains made through trade etc.

77
Q

establishment of EU

A

built on idea of functionalism after WWII, elites pooling their resources so they don’t have to fight over them
T H Wells –> economic integration leads to political intergration leads to social integration in humanitarian rights, labour laws, etc

78
Q

European union and democratic defficiency

A

democratic deficiency makes more efficient policy making. Ex: 20/20. Takes politics out of law making.

79
Q

European Union and Westphalian State

A

Complements: allows state to regain agency, EU returned economic relevance to those losing it, allows micronationalism, takes away internal/external pressure
Contrary: supranationalism undermines state sovereignty

80
Q

Negative vs Positive Rights

A

Canada vs USA: right to chose healthcare (negative/passive) vs actualizing potential through healthcare (positive/active)

81
Q

Freedoms of European Union Citizenship

A

Freedom of movement of Goods, Services, People, Capital

82
Q

Complications of implementing European Union legislation

A

EU states themselves do implementing and checking
-ex: Greece and staying within Copenhagen criteria
Neoliberal idea: institutions encourage/enforce participation/trust

83
Q

Solutions to complications of implementing EU legislation

A

Proper allocation of power via subsidarity

Self interst and normative values (ties goals to human rights, agency on global level)

84
Q

Citizenship as trust

A

1) abide by laws and other rules as legislated (legitimacy)
2) believe others will do likewise (compliance)
3) commitment to process of integration

85
Q

Challenges to EU

A

Legitimacy?
Dual loyalties
Democratic deficiency

+IS 201 (2 decks)

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