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COSC 122 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

LCD

A

liquid-crystal display

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2
Q

Processor

A
  • a CPU consists of Memory Unit (RAM), Control Unit (coordination), Arithmetic Logic Unit (logic and calculations)
  • a processor accepts digital data as input, performs the basic arithmetic, logical, control and input/output (I/O) operations according to instructions stored in a program.
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3
Q

Primary computer memory

A

stores data and instructions being worked on

data is lost when power is off

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4
Q

Secondary computer memory

A
  • flash memory
  • non-volatile
  • data is permanently stored even if power is switched off.
  • slower than primary memory
  • CPU does not directly access it, transferred to main first
  • e.g. flash drive, CD, ROM, PROM, EPROM
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5
Q

cache

A

Stores data so future requests for that data can be served faster

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6
Q

Random vs. Sequential access

A
  • Random access - An item of data is accessed by an address among a population of addressable elements
  • Sequential access - A group of elements (such as data in a register, a file, magnetic tape) is accessed in a predetermined, ordered sequence
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7
Q

5 Steps of Programming

A
  • Requirements
  • Design
  • Implementation
  • Verification
  • Maintenance
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8
Q

Abstraction, Generalization, Analytical thinking

A
  • Abstraction is a technique for managing complexity of computer systems, working at higher levels of the system, rather than the more complex details below the current level. It captures the most important aspects of a concept and ignores unimportant details. e.g. how does a user enter a number
  • Generalization is applying/designing an idea or program to increasingly wider range of users, or applications
  • Analytical Thinking - (algorithmic thinking) involves gathering relevant information and applying a step-by-step approach for breaking down complex problems into single and manageable components to arrive at appropriate solutions
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9
Q

Synchronous and asynchronous

A

synchronous - has a common clock that triggers the sender and receiver to be active at the same time

asynchronous - is the transmission of data without a common clock. typically, a protocol establishes the timing of reading data. Sending and receiving occur at different times

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10
Q

Broadcast and point-to-point

A

broadcast - message is sent out to all devices simultaneously

point-to-point - a communication connection between nodes where information is transferred from one device to a device at a specific address

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11
Q

Internet protocol

A

The Internet Protocol is responsible for addressing hosts and for routing datagrams (packets) from a source host to a destination host across one or more IP networks.

An Internet protocol address is a numerical label assigned to devices in a computer network

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12
Q

IPv4

A

IPv4 has 32bit addressing system typically written in the dotted-decimal notation 169.192.1.1

The address space is (2^32) addresses.

The most significant octet of the address is the network identifier or prefix

The rest is the host identifier

A number of IP address are reserved for special purposes:

  1. 0.0.0 host internal address (loop back)
  2. 254.0.0-.254.255 link-local address (local address space)
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13
Q

IPv6

A

The growing number of devices connected to the internet has exhausted the IPv4 address space.

IPv6 has 128bit number addressing written as dotted-hex notation 2001:db8:0:1234:0:567:8:1

The address space is (2^128) addresses.

The loopback address, 0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0001

Abbreviated to ::1 as leading zeros are ignored

link local addresses are preceded by the octet fc00::

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14
Q

Purpose and role of a DNS server

A

Domain Name System (DNS) acts a kind of lookup table for mapping the domain name hierarchy to the IP address space.

Server respond to browser’s queries returning which IP maps to which URL.

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15
Q

TCP/IP

A

TCP/IP uses the client/server model of communication

A computer user (a client) requests and is provided a service (such as sending a Web page) by another computer (a server) in the network.

TCP/IP communication is primarily point-to-point

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16
Q

TCP

A

Transmission Control Protocol is responsible for breaking data down into small packets before they can be sent over a network, and for assembling the packets again when they arrive

TCP guarantees delivery of data and the same order in which they were sent

TCP can detect lost or corrupt packets and request them to be resent

17
Q

IP

A

Internet Protocol takes care of the communication between computers

It is responsible for addressing, sending and receiving the data packets over the Internet

18
Q

Packet Switching

A

Messages are divided into packets before they are sent

Each packet is then transmitted individually and can even follow different routes to its destination

Once all the packets forming a message arrive at the destination, they are recompiled into the original message.

19
Q

World Wide Web

A

The World Wide Web in a service over the Internet

WWW is an open source information space

Documents and other web resources are identified by Universal Resource Locator (web address)

Documents are interlinked by hypertext links.

20
Q

Challenges with the vast amounts of information available on the Internet

A

Velocity - it moves fast through multiple channels

Variety - It is made of f many types of data

Volume - Users generate immense amounts of data

Complexity - It must be able to traverse multiple data centers, the cloud and geographical zones

Big question is how to get meaningful values from big data.

21
Q

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

A

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is a language for describing how a web page appears in a web browser.

22
Q

Debugging

A

the process of determining why a system does not work properly

23
Q

The Four Key Steps in Debugging

A

1) Check that the error is reproducible.
Computers are deterministic. Make sure you know exactly how to reproduce the error.

2) Do not jump to conclusions.
The actual cause of the error may be many steps removed from the visible symptoms.

3) Check all the “obvious” sources of error.
You would be surprised how often a cable is not plugged in…

4) Isolate the problem
The goal is to make good assumptions and divisions of parts that you know are working and others that need investigation.
- Be careful! It is often parts (including yourself) that you assume are working that really are not.
- Make sure assumptions are backed up by tests.

24
Q

Common HTML Errors

A

Open with no matching close tag
<a>…
Non-matching quotes
<img></img> (open with “, close with ‘)
<img></img> (HTML does not like smart quotes)
Missing attribute or incorrect attribute name.
Incorrect tag name (which may result in non-matching tags).
Incorrect file name or hyperlink address.
Forgot required tags like , , .
Forget to stop escape sequence with a semi-colon</a>

25
Q

Why are electronics digital?

A
  • ## analog signals are more susceptible to noise that degrades the quality of the signal (sound, picture, etc.). The effect of noise also makes it difficult to preserve the quality of analog signals across long distances.reading data stored in analog format is susceptible to data loss and noise. Copying analog data leads to declining quality.
26
Q

Representing Binary Data

A

Data is information before it has been given any context, structure and meaning.

Binary data has two states and is represented in a computer using a bit. A bit can either be 0 or 1.

The word bit is short for “binary digit”.

A computer memory consists of billions of bits which allows for an almost limitless number of possible states.

27
Q

What is a Byte?

A

A byte is a sequence of 8 bits.

28
Q

Converting Binary to Decimal

A

To convert a binary number B to a decimal number D:
Let B have n bits of the form bn-1…b2 b1 b0 then
D = bn-12n-1…b222 b121 b020

Base 10 (decimal) example:
765=7*102 +6*101 +5*100

Example: binary value is 101011
125+024+123+022+121+120

Question:

1) Compute the decimal value of 1011.
2) Compute the decimal value of 00101010.

29
Q

Converting Decimal to Binary

A

To convert a decimal number D to a binary number B:
Repeat until D = 0
* IF D is odd THEN append a 1 bit to the front of B
* ELSE IF D is even THEN append a 0 bit to the front of B
* Set D equal to D / 2

Example: Decimal value of D = 19
19 is odd B = 1
9 is odd  B = 11
4 is even  B = 011
2 is even  B = 0011
1 is odd B = 10011

Question: Compute the binary value of 115.

30
Q

Hex Explained

A

Previously we specified custom colors in HTML using hex digits
e.g.,

Hex is short for hexadecimal (base 16)

We use hex as it is easier than writing sequences of bits.

Each hex digit corresponds to a 4-bit sequence.
e.g. 1011 (binary) = 11 (decimal) = B (hexadecimal)

Question:
Convert this binary sequence to hexadecimal:
0000 0101 1000 0001 1111 1110

COSC 122 (3 decks)

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