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Psych 301 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Traits of a Good Theory

A
  • Set of related ideas
  • Explains most findings
  • Can be applied to new situations
  • Theories are general
  • Theories are parsimonious
  • Theories are testable
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2
Q

Process for research design

A

1) Idea/Observation/Question
2) Read existing research literature
3) Develop testable Hypothesis
4) Identify/Define Variables of interest
5) How will you collect the information/data?
6) Who is your sample?

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3
Q

Characteristics of the Scientific Method

A
  • A specific way of exploring the world
  • A specific way of answering questions
  • Empirical/Testable
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4
Q

How are hypothesis important to the scientific method?

A

Good research begins with multiple hypotheses to explain an phenomenon.

Devising an experiment that allows rejection of one or more hypothesis.

Conducting the experiment.

Rejecting the unsupported hypotheses, and refining the supported hypotheses.

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5
Q

Title Guidelines (for a scientific paper)

A

-Informative about point of the research
-Should mention constructs for Variables
- Should be no more than 12 words long
- Should attract people interested in your topic
- Can include catchy phrase for interest
Title Capitalization – Content, not function words

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6
Q

Verb Tense in APA

A

Past Tense for the past: What someone did, wrote, found ANYTHING PUBLISHED IS IN THE PAST

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7
Q

Active/Passive in APA

A

ACTIVE rather than PASSIVE verbs preferred

Active verbs with Animate Subjects

The researchers determined that….

NOT

The study reported that

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8
Q

Monograph

A

series of studies on common topic often by different authors, or using different methodologies or across different cultures

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9
Q

Good Operational Definitions

A
  • precise
  • covers a range
  • count only 1 thing at a time
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10
Q

Types of operational definitions

A

Types:

  • self-report
  • observer ratings
  • behavior counts
  • physiological measures
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11
Q

Self report

A

Free format - rich in detail, difficult to quantify

Fixed format - easy to quantify; less range
Likert, semantic differential

* Response set (acquiescent responding)
* Reactivity (social demand)
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12
Q

Observer ratings

A

Playground /Mall

Naturally occurring behavior

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13
Q

Types of Variables

A

Categorical groups

Continuous scores on a continuum

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14
Q

Independent Variable (IV)

A

manipulated
or
status

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15
Q

Dependent Variable (DV)

A

outcome

or
relationship

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16
Q

Experimental Study: What variables?

A

Experimental: Manipulated IV & DV (outcome)

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17
Q

Descriptive Study: What variables?

A

Descriptive (Quasi) – Status IV & DV (outcome)

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18
Q

Correlational Study: What variables?

A

Correlational (Quasi) No IV; 2 DVs (relationship)

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19
Q

Experimental Study Overview

A

Manipulate an Independent Variable

Control other factors

Measure a Dependent Variable

Generally done in a controlled (lab) setting

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20
Q

Experimental Study Strengths

A

Can make causal claims

“Independent Variable caused change in Dependent Variable”

Controlled observations

Can be with groups or single subjects

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21
Q

Experimental Study Weaknesses

A

Often not like real world

Some topics not open to experiments

“Can not manipulate some causal variables
parenting practices”

Can design poor experiments

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22
Q

Descriptive Study Overview

A

may use observations, surveys, archival data

Comparing groups on Status IV

Retrospective analyses

Current conditions

23
Q

Descriptive Study Strengths

A

Useful to compare/examine existing data on a range of demographic characteristics

24
Q

Descriptive Study Weaknesses

A

Can only DESCRIBE

Cannot infer causality

25
Q

Correlational Research Overview

A

Looks at behaviors, thoughts, intentions

Often measured with surveys

Examination of relationships (2 DVs)

What things go together
EX: PTSD symptoms and depression?

26
Q

Correlational Research Strengths

A

Good for measures of IQ, personality, psychological functioning, internal states

Quick data collection

Correlational methodology allows for examination of multiple relationships among variables

27
Q

Correlational Research Weaknesses

A

Overlap w/ Descriptive Research

Lack of causal claims

Cannot answer why these variables are related

Can only describe the relationship – not whether one variable causes the other

28
Q

Observational Collection

A

Naturalistic Observations

Watch typical behaviors

Natural context

Little or no intrusions by researcher

29
Q

Different possible researcher roles in observational collection

A

Hidden Observer

Passive Observer

Participant Observer

30
Q

Types of sampling

A

Event Sampling
Individual Sampling
Time Sampling

31
Q

Strengths of Observational Studies

A

Excellent for idea generation
- Important to go in with an open mind

Can test lab based theories and findings

Ecological Validity
-Context, content, individuals, behavior reflect real applied situation

32
Q

Weakness of Observational Studies

A 
Limited control over sample
Limited control over context
Difficult to infer causality
Have to wait for infrequent situations
Measurement is difficult
Ethical limits
33
Q

Ethics & Naturalistic Research

A
  • For unaware participants
  • No consent
  • No control
  • Responsibility of involvement/ manipulating environment
34
Q

Public vs. Private behavior

A

Public is considered open for all to observe

Private is limited with respect to consent

35
Q

Case Study

A

In depth

Unusual/unique conditions

More applied focus

36
Q

Non-Quantitative Methods

A

Case study

Qualitative data collection

37
Q

Single Subject Experimental Design

A

Different from Case Study –

  • Systematic intervention with a single individual
  • Measurable outcome
  • Clear IV/DV

Many participants at the same time w/ own chart
or
Multiple baseline for independent behaviors in same person

38
Q

Definition of Ethical Research

A

Research in which the long-term gain in knowledge outweighs the costs incurred by the participants in the study and/or society at large.

includes:
treatment of participants with respect and dignity

keeping subjects informed of the reasons for their participation in your research

dealing honestly with the collection, analysis and presentation of data

39
Q

What rights do the participants have in research?

A

Right to privacy
Right to safety (mental & physical)
Control

40
Q

Scientist

A

Benefit of research, Right to know

41
Q

Informed consent overview

A

Study description - purpose, expected duration, procedures

Description of risks or discomforts benefits

Description of how confidentiality will be maintained
(Differentiate between Anonymous & Confidential)

If questions/concerns identify contact person(s)

Statement regarding the voluntary nature of participation & right to withdraw without no penalty or loss

42
Q

Oral consent, when is it okay?

A

The Committee must approve a waiver of the requirement to document informed consent.

A waiver of written consent might be granted in the case where:

(a) the risk to the subject is minimal; OR
(b) use of primary procedures for obtaining consent would invalidate important research objectives; OR
(c) where alternative means would be less advantageous to the subjects.

43
Q

Debriefing Overview

A

Determine effectiveness of deception and Inform Participant of “Real Study”

Provide information about deception points

Explain the “real goal” of the study tickets and the design.

Be sure all questions/concerns are addressed.

Participant leaves with a debriefing form

44
Q

What is responsible reporting?

A

Responsibility of scientist to inform society of research results communicate results in understandable terms not overstate magnitude of finding place findings in context of current research findings

45
Q

measurement -

A

process of assigning numerical value to an observation.

46
Q

What variables are involved in an operational definition?

A 
Process of turning a conceptual variable (love) 
			into 
measured variables (# kisses; increase in heart rate);

this process= operational definition.

47
Q

Nominal Scales: (categories)

A
  • describe nominal (named) data; groups
  • distinguish members of a sample or population but imply nothing more than that they are different.

1=male 2=female

provide gross discrimination/ broad categories

cannot describe observation in relative terms

48
Q

Ordinal Scales (category & order)

A

distinguish members of a sample or population based upon some kind of value hierarchy, (rank ordering); groups

only know about the variable’s magnitude relative to one another

	1= highest GPA  2=next highest GPA

More informative than nominal scales

less precise than interval or ratio

cannot determine the amount of difference from one number to another

49
Q

Interval Scales (category, order & spacing of equal intervals)

A

Includes aspects of Ordinal scales, AND distances between numerical values of the measured variable are equal

Continuous variable

Example: temperature; personality; SAT scores

HOWEVER
Interval scales lack an absolute zero point - Zero simply another point on the scale

50
Q

Ratio Scales category, order & spacing of equal intervals, & zero point

A

like interval scales; continuous variable

10 correct answers is twice as many as 5 correct answers (not so w/interval scale)

nonarbitrary 0

EX: Time, age, weight, errors, length
			# of responses made
51
Q

Types of scales

A

Types of scales - nominal/ordinal/interval/ratio

52
Q

How do types of scales relate to IV/DV designs?

A

IV – categorical (IV divided into groups)
DV – interval/ratio/continuous scale

IV/DV – comparing Groups (categorical)
on outcome (score on self report
or # of times smoked)

53
Q

How do types of scales relate to IV/DV designs?

A

2 or more variables on interval or ratio scales DV (score on depression inventory) correlated with DV (# of negative life events)

54
Q

Closed-Ended questions - Strengths and Weaknesses

A

true-false
yes/no
rating scale - Likert; Interval or Ratio Scales

POS:
score assigned objectively & reliably

NEG:
limited information - only info about specific variable choices may not include participant’s preferred response

Psych 301 (1 decks)

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