Midterm 1 Flashcards
Variety
species with stable mutations passed on to progeny;
write var. between species name and variety name in binomial nomenclature
Cultivar
(cultivated variety) species with mutations caused by human intervention;
write cv. at the end
Clones
Plants derived asexually from one individual (start from cutting/ vegetation);
Reproduced to maintain plant characteristics
Lines
Sexually reproduced cultivar (start from seed)
Inbred: self-pollinate
Hybrid: cross of two inbred lines
Lines
Sexually reproduced cultivar (start from seed);
Inbred: self-pollinate
Hybrid: cross of two inbred lines
Xylem
dead at maturity and transports water essentially through a hollow tube;
eventually the xylem becomes full of sap and is no longer used for water transport, then functions in support and forms wood;
embedded within the ground tissue system
vascular tissue
Phloem
sieve tube elements because of the sieve like plates at the end of the cells - they are alive at maturity but are crushed as the plant grows in diameter and must be continually replaced; transport material (sugars, nutrients)
Transpiration
The giving off of water vapor through the stomata
Meristematic Tissue
site of growth in plant; origin of the other tissue type
Apical Meristems
site of primary growth
Lateral Meristems
site of secondary growth
Dermal tissue system
the outer protective covering of the plant
Vascular tissue system
comprises the xylem and phloem - it is embedded within the ground tissue system – xylem forms wood in woody plants
Ground tissue system
the inner supportive tissues of the plant – pith in herbaceous plants
Angiosperm
Angiosperm Covered seed Flowering plants Fruit Seasonal Flat leaves Hard Wood Largest group of plants (divided into monocots and dicots)
Gymnosperm
Gymnosperm Naked seed Seed-producing plants Evergreen Scalelike needles Soft Wood Cones
Stratification
Process in which seed dormancy is broken by mimicking natural conditions; usually through temperature and moisture
Dioscorides
Wrote “De Materia Medica”: book with medicinal plants and illustrations that was used for years after written and on which modern botanical books are based on;
Knew of 500-600 herbal medicines
Was a physician for the Romans during war times and used poppy for dulling pain
Participatory ethnobotanical research
Participate with the people and have them get involved with your research
Integrated Knowledge System more participatory approach to research
Voucher Specimine
Permanent records of plants by a certain community that are easily recognizable, preserved and maintained in good condition, thoroughly documented, and readily accessible to institution.
Quasi-cultivation
Method of sustainable utilization of natural populations by intervention in propagation and harvesting
(Certain woody species that naturally grow in understory of forest are so touchy/sensitive, take a while for seeds to germinate, do poorly in greenhouse. Legally- people find patches of the crop, get rid of weeds around it, and then cultivate the patches in their natural surroundings, nurture them, fertilize them or pull out the roots, clean it up, then replant it)
Ethnobotany
originally defined as study of plants used by primitive and aboriginal people;
more contemporarily defined as the study of the interactions of plants and people, including the influence of plants on human culture
William Withering
The English botanist who discovered digitalis through his work with Foxglove. Also wrote a book on influential British flora based on Linnaean taxonomy.
Growth Habit
Refers to the genetic tendency of a plant to grow in a certain shape and to attain a certain mature height and spread
Biennial
Within two seasons the plant flowers and then dies
Always herbaceous
Primary metabolism
a kind of metabolite that is directly involved in normal growth, development, and reproduction; e.g. photosynthesis
Secondary dormancy
Dormancy of the seed due to problems with the seed coat/embryo;
Can fix dormancy due to seed coat problems by breaking the seed coat through scarification–with acid, heat, hot water, etc;
Can fix dormancy due to embryo problems by stratification–activating the embryo by moist chilling, light exposure, etc.
Doctrine of signatures
The idea that the medicinal use of plants could be determined by the visible characteristics of the plant that corresponded to anatomy
Physical appearance of plant determined its use
Synergy
The effect seen by a combination of substances that is greater than would have been expected from an individual contribution
John Gerard
Wrote about plants and how he used them (wrote “The Herball” based off Dioscorides’s writings). Condemned the Doctrine of Signatures
Traditional Botanical Knowledge (TBK)
Encompasses all types of knowledge concerned with indigenous people and plants with its original spiritual and sociological contest leading to a wider acceptance of the value of local knowledge through ethnobotanical investigations and thus leading to more accurate research results
Utilitarian Approach (TBK)
How plants are used for medicine and food
Cognitive Approach (TBK)
Perception of plants by indigenous people to explain behavior exhibited
Ecological Approach (TBK)
Based on socio-cultural behaviors which adapt to the natural environment
Monocot
One cotyledon; Veins usually parallel; Vascular bundles complexly arranged; Fibrous root system; Floral parts in multiples of three
Dicot
Two cotyledons; Veins netlike; Vascular bundles arranged in rings; Taproot usually present; Floral parts usually in multiples of four or five
Secondary Compounds
No direct role in cell function;;
waste products;
Second pathways prevent accumulation of toxic materials
Secondary Compound - Alkaloids
Morphine from the opium poppy;
Cocaine from the coca plant
Secondary Compounds - Phenols
Cannabinoids- active constituents of Cannabis;
Thymol- found in Thyme
Secondary Compounds - Terpenoids
Terpenoids
Rubber from latex
Taxol from the Pacific yew tree
Essential oils
