Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GE > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

_______ is an esophageal motility disorder involving the smooth muscle layer of the esophagus, and the lower esophageal spinster

A

Achalasia ( Cardiospams)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Achalasia is characterized by :

A
  • imcomplete relaxation of LES
  • its increased tone
  • lack of peristalsis of esophagus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

which is the most common type of achalasia

A

primary achalasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

____ is characterized by failure of distal esophageal inhibitory neurons in the Auerbach’s plexus

A

Primary achalasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What plexus provides motor innervation to both layers of the muscular layer that has both parasympathetic and sympathetic input

A

Auerbach’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which plexus has only parasympathetic fibers and provides secretor innervation to the mucosa nearest the lumen of the gut

A

meissner’s plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Secondary Achalasia could result from :

A
  • cancer of esophagus or upper stomach
  • infection with protozoa trypanosome cruzi which causes destruction of the myenteric plexus of the esophagus with its dilation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Achalasia caused by trypanosome cruzi is known as what

A

Chaga’s disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Achalasia

A
  • dysphagia
  • regurgitation
  • chest pain
  • coughing
  • aspiration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the radiographic finding called with Achalasia

A
  • rat’s tail or bird’s beak
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

________ is protrusion of upper part of stomach into the thorax through space between muscular crura and diaphragm

A

Hiatal Hernia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe a sliding hernia

A

where the gastoessophageal junction together with the stomach move above the diaphragm … creates a bell shaped dilation
- most common form of hiatal hernia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

describe a rolling or paraesophageal hernia

A
  • when a separate portion of the stomach usually along the greater curvature, enters the thorax through the widening foramen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

List some etiology of a hiatl hernia

A
  • kyphoscoliosis
  • increased pressure within the abdominal cavity
  • congenital diaphragmatic weakness
  • obesity , trauma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is know as the great mimic disease?

A

Hiatal hernia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

name the signs and symptoms of Hiatal hernia

A
  • Asymptomatic for long time
  • Dull pain
  • Shortness of breath
  • heartburn
  • heartpalpitation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Diff Dx of Hiatal hernia

A
  • ischemic heart disease
  • gastrophgeal reflux diseas
  • lung diseases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Complications of hiatal hernia

A
  • ulcer in esophagus
  • stricture
  • rolling hernia can develop venous infarction due to strangulation by diaphragm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

____ is a chronic syndrome resulting in mucosal damage caused by stomach acid coming up

A

GERD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

_______ is an abnormal change in the cells of the lower portion of the esophagus

A

Barrett esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

in barrett esophagus the _____ epithelial cells of the esophageal mucosa are replaced by ____ epithelial cells containing ____ cells

A
  • squamous
  • columnar
  • goblet - mucus producing cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

__________ is bleeding from longitudinal tears in the mucosa at the esphagogastric junction

A
  • mallory weiss syndrome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the pathogenesis of mallory weiss syndrome

A
  • inadequate relaxation of the musculature of the lower esophageal sphincter during vomiting, with stretching and tearing of the esophageal junction during propulsive expulsion of gastric contents.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Boorhave syndrome( esophageal rupture) is associated with what disease

A

mallory weiss syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

_____ are extremely dilated submucosal weans in low third of the esophagus

A
  • esophageal varices
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Etiology of esophageal varicose is

A

-portal hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Portal hypertension is caused 3 causes

A
  1. posthepatic
  2. hepatic
  3. preheptaic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is post hepatic associated with

A
  • chronic right0 sided cardiac failure

- Budd- Chiari syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Hepatic is associated with

A
  • liver cirrhosis
  • liver tumors
  • amyloidosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

prehepatic is associated with

A
  • portal wein thrombosis
  • poertal vein sclerosis
  • portal vein congenital stenosis or atresia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q
  • Esophageal varicose appear in 65% of patients with _____
A
  • liver cirrhosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is the manifestations of varicose

A
  • they produce no symptom until they rupture, and the hemorrhage develops (hematemesis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

A _____ is an out pouching of the alimentary tract organ wall that organ wall that contains all visceral layers

A
  • Diverticulum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

True diverticula

A
  • Meckel’s

- normal appendix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Pseudodiverticulum

A
  • zenkers

common colon ticks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

aka for zenkers diverticulum

A
  • pharyngoesophageal diverticulum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

where is the zenker’s located

A

above the upper esophageal sphincter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

aka midesophageal diverticulum

A
  • traction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

where is traction diverticulum located

A
  • near the midpoint of the esophagus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what does traction diverticulum usually lead too

A
  • mediastinal lymphadenitis `
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Epiphranic diverticulum is located where

A
  • immediately above the lower esophageal sphincter
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

S&S of Zenker’s diverticullum -

A

food regurgitation in the absence of dysphagia, can be complicated by aspiration pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

S&S of traction diverticulum

A

usually asymptomatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

S&S of epiphrenic diverticulum

A
  • gives rise to nocturnal regurgitation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Benign tumors are most limey to be what?

A
  • mostly mesenchymal in origin and usually lie with the esophageal wall
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what is the most common benign tumor in the esophagus

A
  • leiomyomas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Leiomyomas are most commonly located where

A
  • distal two thirds of the esophagus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

____ are usually composed of combination of benign, vascular or adipose tissue, covered ny intact mucosa

A

Polyps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

List all the benign tumors of the esophagus

A
  • benign
  • polyps
  • fibromas
  • lipomas
  • hemangiomas
  • neurofibromas
  • squamous paillomas
50
Q

What are the two most common malignant esophageal tumors

A
  • squamous cell carcinoma

- adenocarcinoma

51
Q

this tumor represents 90-95% of esophageal cancer worldwide and arises from squamous epithelium … also occurs in the proximal two thirds of the esophagus

A
  • squamous cell carcinoma
52
Q

this tumor represents 50-80% of esophageal cancer in USA and arises from metaplastic columnar epithelium … also occurs in the distal third of esophagus or gastro- esophageal junction

A
  • adenocarcinoma
53
Q

this tumor has direct correlation with

  • celiac disease
  • hot tea with increased conc of tannins
  • Tylosis
A
  • squamous cell carcinoma
54
Q

this tumor has direct correlation with

A
  • GERD
  • BArrett esophagus
  • scleroderma
  • Zollinger- Ellison syndrome
55
Q

________ is a narrowing of the pylorus due to hypertrophy of the sphincter muscle, or scarring of the tissue surrounding the opening from the stomach to duodenum

A
  • Pyloric Stenosis
56
Q

What is the etiology of pyloric stenosis

A
  • Congenital = Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

- Accuired= scarring of the stomach peptic ulcer or duodenal bulb or tumors

57
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Pyloric Stenosis

A
  • Severe worsening vomiting
  • weight loss
  • dehydration
  • constant hunger
  • visible or palpable peristaltic waves
58
Q

_______ is sudden inflammation of the lining of the stomach

A
  • acute gastritis
59
Q

What is the etiology of acute gastritis

A
  • food poisoning
  • severe alcohol consumption
  • NSAIDs
  • extreme stress
60
Q

Signs and symptoms of acute gastritis

A
  • constant or sporadic pain in epigastric area
  • nausea
  • vomting
  • fever,chills
  • belching, bloating
61
Q

name the different forms of acute gastritis

A
  1. erosive

2. non erosive

62
Q

_______ chronic mucosal inflammatory changes in the stomach wall that eventually result in mucosal atrophy and mucosal metaplasia

A
  • chronic gastritis
63
Q

what is the etiology of chronic gastritis

A
  • helicobacter pylori
  • bile reflux
    theses factors affect the astral part of stomach
64
Q

list the different type of forms of chronic gastritis

A
  • hypertrophic
  • hyperplastic
  • erosive
  • antral
  • atrophic
65
Q

what are the sign and symptoms of hypertrophic, erosive and antral forms

A
  • acute pain in epigastrium and left upper abdominal area
  • pain is local
  • pain develops in 30-60 minutes after meal
66
Q

what are the sign and symptoms in the atrophic forms in chronic gastritis

A
  • heaviness in epigastrium and left upper abdominal area
  • fullness in the stomach after small meal
  • diarrhea
  • signs of pernicious anemia
  • may be asymptomatic
67
Q

______ of alimentary tract are defined as a breach in the mucosa of the alimentary tract that extends into the submucosa and deeper

A

Ulcers

68
Q

T/F peptic ulcer are found anywhere in the GI tract

A

false
peptic ulcers develop only in organs which have exposure to the stomach pepsin and stomach acidity
- these organ are the stomach, duodenum and esophagus

69
Q

____ % of peptic ulcer develops in the duodenum and ___% in the stomach

A

80%

-20%

70
Q

____ are the most common type of benign tumor in the stomach

A

polyps

71
Q

Polyps could undergo malignancy in ____ % of cases

A

4-30%

72
Q

name the benign stomach tumors that occur in the mesenchymal layer

A
  • leiomyoma (2nd MC)
  • lipoma
  • neurogenic
  • vascular
73
Q

List the malignant tumors of the stomach

A
  1. carcinoma (90-95)
  2. lypmhomas
  3. carcinoids
  4. sarcoma
74
Q

_______ occur when the DNA of a cell is damaged or altered and the cell begins to grow uncontrollably and become malignant

A

Carcinomas

75
Q

Early gastric carcinoma is classified when :

A

a lesion is confined to the mucosa and submucoosa

76
Q

advanced carcinoma is classified when

A

a neoplasm has extend below the submucosa into the muscular wall

77
Q

Macroscopic growth pattern exophytic is classified when

A

protrusion of tumor into the lumen

78
Q

Macroscopic growth patterns of gastric carcinomas that are flat and depressed are classified when

A

in which there is no obvious tumor mass within the mucosa

79
Q

flat advanced gastric carcinoma is also known as

A

linitis plastica

80
Q

______ is the inflammation of the liver with change of its function

A
  • hepatitis
81
Q

what are the two forms that exists in hepatitis

A
  1. acute - lasts less than 6 months

2. chronic- lasts more than 6 months

82
Q

what is the etiology of hepatitis?

A
  1. viral
  2. toxic
  3. bacteria
  4. protozoa
  5. parasites
  6. fungi
83
Q

HAV + ssRNA is ___ hepatitis - spreads through fecal contamination of food and water ( does not cause chronis hepatitis)

A

infectious

84
Q

HBV+dsDNA is _______ hepatitis that spreads through blood, body fluids, sexual contacts, tattoos, mother to child by breast feeding (causes chronic hepatitis , can cause cirrhosis and cancer

A

serum

85
Q

HCV-+ ssRNA is ________ that spreads through sexual contacts and hemotransfusions, cross the placenta

A

serum non -A and non-B hepatitis

86
Q

what is the most common causes of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, liver cancer

A

HCV-+ssRNA (non a , nonB hepatitis

87
Q

HDV- -ssRNA _________ is the most aggressive form, with high mortality rate, cannot exist without B virus , spreads through the blood, typical for IV drugs users and hemophilia patients

A

serum delta hepatitis

88
Q

HEV -+ ssRNA _________ spreads through contaminated food and water

A

infectious hepatitis

89
Q

HEV-+ ssRNA causes severe:

A
  • intralobular necrosis

- acute cholangitis

90
Q

T/F

HEV-+ssRNA causes chronic hepatitis

A

false

91
Q

which hepatitis spreads through blood transfusion and causes chronic hepatitis

A

HFV (serum mutated hepatitis)

92
Q

this hepatitis is a newly discovered virus that spreads by blood and sexual contact its characteristic are in the process of study

A

HGV (GB virus C)

93
Q

what are the incubation periods for each hepatitis

A 
A: 28 days (range 15-50 days) 
B: 90 days ( 30-150 days) 
C: 50 days ( 15-160 days) 
D: 60-90 days (30-180 days) 
E: 40 days ( 14-60 days)
94
Q

T/F

HAV and HEV hepatits will progress to chronic hepatitis

A

false

95
Q
  • viral, bacterial, fungal and toxic etiological agents usually result in ___ hepatitis
A

acute

96
Q

qutoimmune, parasites, protozoa, obesity etiological agents usually result in ____ hepatitis

A

chronic

97
Q
  • initial manifestations of acute hepatitis for first ____ days are ___ ___ and characterized as ____
A
  • acute
  • 2-4
  • flu- like
98
Q

name the 3 types of blood test for evaluation of patients with hepatitis

A
  • Aspartate amminoptransferase (AST)
  • Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
  • Gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT)
99
Q

whats the AKA for AST

A

serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase

100
Q

AST blood concentration is increased in:

A
  • acute toxic hep
  • acute viral hep
  • alcoholic liver disease
101
Q

ALT blood elevation is increased in what diseases?

A
  • acute hepatocyte destruction

- severe muscle damage

102
Q

GGt blood concentration is increased in what certain liver diseases

A
  • hepatocyte necrosis
  • cirrhosis
  • alcoholic liver disease
103
Q

IgM indicates ___ case

IgG indicates ___ case

A

acute

chronic

104
Q

what does hypoalbuminemia indicate?

A

a decreased function of heptaocytes

105
Q

which is the most specific tests for liver destruction

A
  • hypoalbuminemia

- increased prothrobin time

106
Q

______ is a consequence of chronic liver diseases characterized by replacement of liver tissue by scarring tissue leading to a loss of liver function

A

liver cirrhosis

107
Q

T/F

doing the fatty liver stage of alcoholic liver disease, it is considered irreversible

A

false it is reversible if alcohol consumption ceases

108
Q

early symptoms of cirrhosis

A
  • fatigue and loos of energy
  • poor appetite and weight loss
  • nausea and upper abdominal discomfort
  • small, red, spider-like blood vessels on the skin
109
Q

as liver functions worsen in cirrhosis, the symptoms may include

A
  • ascites

- ascites with kaput medusae

110
Q

____ ____ represents the dilation of periumbilical collateral veins and is an important sign of ____ ____

A
  • caput medusae

- portal hypertension

111
Q

what is the major cause of esophageal varicies

A

Liver cirrhosis

112
Q

the gold standard for dx of cirrhosis is ____ ___

A

liver biopsy

113
Q

list the complications of liver cirrhosis

A
  • bleeding disorders
  • esophageal varices
  • hepatocellular carcinoma
  • hepatic encephalopathy
114
Q

T/F

liver cirrhosis is an irreversible disease

A

true

tx is usually focused on preventing of its progression and complications

115
Q

primary Liver cancer originates from where

A
  • when the tumor originates from the liver cells
116
Q

secondary liver cancer ?

A

this is cancer that begins in another area of the body and then spreads to the liver

117
Q

Name the classifications of Primary liver cancer

A
  • hepatocellular carcinoma
  • cholangiocarcinoma
  • angiosarcoma
118
Q

T/F

cholangiocarcinoma is the most frequent liver cancer which originates from hepatocytes

A

flase

that is hepatocellular carcinoma

119
Q

__________ - this tumor originates from the bile duct cells

A
  • cholangiocarcinoma
120
Q

hepatic rub, bruit, and abdominal venous hum would suggest that a patient with cirrhosis had developed a ____

A

hepatoma

GE (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions