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SOCI 330 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Montesquieu’s 5 themes

A 
Relativism
Women and Control
Virtue
Knowledge and Science
Enlightenment and Despotism `
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2
Q

Rousseau’s main themes

A

Knowledge, advancement of science
Property, society, loss of culture, inequality
Simple, virtuous life
Development of arts and science
Useless knowledge
Inequality: need, mutual dependance, subjugation

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3
Q

Smith’s Themes

A 
Self-interest, exchange, universal opulence
Sympathy
Fortuitous opening
Importance of good wages for workers
Principle of utility
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4
Q

Tocqueville’s Themes

A

Political liberty
Equal social conditions
PL determined by : geopolitics and accidents, habits of the heart, laws and institutions.

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5
Q

What does Montesquieu think about virtue?

A

Doesn’t like it, in favour of passion, commercial societies

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6
Q

What does Montesquieu think bout advancement and science?

A

Adores it, more educated = more tolerant

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7
Q

What does M think about despotism?

A

Hates it : cruel and oppressive

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8
Q

Nostalgie de la boue

A

Simple, virtuous life = Sparta

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9
Q

Who does rousseau blame for our unhappiness?

A

Intellectuals with dreams and ideas

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10
Q

Consequence of Arts and Science flourishing according to R?

A

never internally complete, no longer have moral untiy

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11
Q

What’s the primary duty for R?

A

Protect the land

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12
Q

Steps to creation of society? (R)

A

Development of agriculture and increase in population

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13
Q

Amour de soi

A

Nature, internally complete, basic needs, happiness

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14
Q

Amour propre

A

unnatural form of self love, constantly comparing yourself with others

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15
Q

Steps that led to the loss of virtue (R)

A

no permanent establishments –> families, PP, social classes, D/L, dependance (about want and not need) –> agriculture+ slaves –> Envy

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16
Q

How do you bring virtue back? (R)

A 
leave society and go back to state of nature
social contract (force people to be free)
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17
Q

General Will

A

the rule by which society is what’s best for you even if one people disagree

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18
Q

Will of All

A

everyone agrees –> impossible

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19
Q

How to avoid despotism? (R)

A

Self contained virtuous life
Dont trust the individual
Different groups, diversity is better

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20
Q

How to avoid despotism? (M)

A

liberty, liberalism, commercial society, passion

21
Q

Two principle of Smith’s model of economy?

A

Division of labour

Principle of exchange and trade

22
Q

Division of labour

A

Development of skill, dexterity and expertise, machinery

23
Q

Principle of exchange and trade

A

Self interest

24
Q

6 steps in his model

A

Self-interest –> Market –> Division of Labour –> Specialization –> expertise, dexterities, machinery –> universal opulence

25
Q

Smith’s 4 stages of history

A

hunters and gatherers - equal
Pastoralism - domestication of animals, equal
Agrarian society - master/slave relation, PP, agriculture
Commercial society - last stage (y)

26
Q

How is it possible to move towards a commercial society? (smith)

A

Agriculture leads to cities
Safer to improve land
Improvement must come from countryside

27
Q

How did commerce in toms improve the country?

A

tradesman bring back education and money

manufacturers put order and organization in the countryside

28
Q

Fortuitous opening

A

shift to a different society is accidental

29
Q

Why is capitalism good according to Smith?

A

Brings order, better government, security and decreases violence

30
Q

What is the origin of ranks? (S)

A

Wanting to be admired (elite through wisdom and virtue, masses through wealth)

31
Q

Principle of utility?

A

trying to acquire wealth –> illusion of happiness

Good for society : distraction

32
Q

Factors that determine political liberty for T

A

Geopolitics and accidents
Habits of the heart
Laws and institutions

33
Q

2 forms of political regime

A 
PL = decentralised
Despotism = centralised
34
Q

ESC+PL=

A

Democracy

35
Q

Aristocracy doesn’t have

A

ESC

36
Q

Despotism doesn’t have

A

PL

37
Q

Majority of people participating in politics –>

A

Tyranny of the majority (Mill)

38
Q

The USA (6)

A

Lots of land, no standing army
No fear of invasion = low taxes
Church influential bc separate from state
religion = increased ESC bc eyes of god all equal
Decentralisation: federal system blocks power
BORN FREE

39
Q

The only way you can have PL is through

A

the exercise of political liberty

40
Q

Self interest properly understood

A

realising necessity to preserve system

41
Q

Self interest

A

immediate short term gratification, gets in way of PL

42
Q

Ancien regime (6)

A 
Aristocracy is useless 
Fear of invasion (undermines PL)
Divide and rule policy
No secularisation
Centralisation
Distrust --> social atomism
43
Q

If you have ESC, very hard to get

A

PL

44
Q

If you have PL

A

hope for ESC

45
Q

England

A

Aristocracy trusts system
Decentralised
Established church for upper and lower classes
Island —> no fear of invasion

46
Q

Culture of distrust given by

A

State

47
Q

Once a path is taken you can’t stop it

A

Path-dependant theory of politics

48
Q

Why are high wages important for Smith

A

wages of labourers allows society to develop

SOCI 330 (4 decks)

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