Midterm 1

Question 0

Three components of behaviour

Answer 0

1. Input system (sensory)
2. Integrator (CNS)
3. Output/effector (muscles)

Question 1

Cytokines

Answer 1

Chemical signals produced by immune system; hormones interact with them

Question 2

Pigeon crop sac

Answer 2

Determine prolactin dose by injecting it to pigeon crop sac and measuring epithelial cell height

Question 3

Rabbit test

Answer 3

Determine presence of hCG by injecting urine into rabbit. Present if forms corpora lutea

Question 4

Intracrine

Answer 4

Intracellular

Question 5

Autocrine

Answer 5

Self regulation

Question 6

Paracrine

Answer 6

Influence nearby cells

Question 7

Endocrine

Answer 7

Release into blood, affect distant cells

Question 8

Ectocrine

Answer 8

Release into the environment, affect other animals

Question 9

Endocrine glands

Answer 9

Ductless, have rich blood supply

Question 10

Exocrine gland

Answer 10

Have ducts into which their products are released

E.g. Salivary, sweat, mammary glands

Question 11

Exocytosis

Answer 11

Water-soluble hormones stored in vesicles, and when signalled to secrete, they fuse with the cell membrane and get released into extracellular space

Question 12

Carrier protein

Answer 12

Carries lipid-soluble hormone through bloodstream

Question 13

TRH

Answer 13

Thyrotropin releasing, hypothalamic, stimulates prolactin

Question 14

GHRH

Answer 14

Growth hormone releasing, hypothalamic, release growth hormone

Question 15

GnRH

Answer 15

Gonadotropin releasing, hypothalamic, stimulate FSH & LH

Question 16

MRH

Answer 16

Melanotropin releasing, hypothalamic

Question 17

CRH

Answer 17

Corticotropin releasing, hypothalamic, stimulate ACTH in anterior pituitary -> release of cortisol(glucocorticoid) in adrenal gland

Question 18

GHIH

Answer 18

Growth hormone inhibiting, hypothalamic

Question 19

GnIH

Answer 19

Gonadotropin inhibiting, hypothalamic

Question 20

Dopamine

Answer 20

Hypothalamic, inhibit prolactin and melanotropin

Question 21

Glycoproteins

Answer 21

Class of proteins that have carbohydrate groups attached; in anterior pituitary

Question 22

Gonadotropins

Answer 22

Luteinizing hormone & follicle stimulating hormone

Steroidgenesis and maturation of gonads

Question 23

Growth hormone

Answer 23

Anterior pituitary, stimulate release of somatomedin, cause bone growth

Question 24

Prolactin

Answer 24

Anterior pituitary, stimulated by TRH or prolactin releasing factor such as oxytocin

Question 25

Oxytocin

Answer 25

Posterior pituitary, milk letdown, uterine contraction

Question 26

Vasopressin

Answer 26

Posterior pituitary, water balance, blood pressure

Question 27

Calcitonin

Answer 27

Thyroid gland, reduces blood calcium level, oppose PTH

Question 28

PTH

Answer 28

Parathyroid hormone, increase blood calcium level, oppose calcitonin

Question 29

Insulin

Answer 29

Pancreatic peptide, beta, reduce blood glucose level by storing glucose as glycerin, oppose glucagon

Question 30

Glucagon

Answer 30

Pancreatic, alpha, increase blood glucose level by breaking down glycogen in liver, oppose insulin

Question 31

Somatostatin

Answer 31

Pancreatic, delta, inhibit insulin and glucagon

Question 32

Steroid hormone

Answer 32

Formed from cholesterol, fat-soluble

Question 33

TSH

Answer 33

Thyroid stimulating, anterior pituitary, stimulate thyroid gland to produce T4 --> T3, which regulates metabolism

Question 34

Thyroid hormones

Answer 34

T4, T3, derived from tyrosine, metabolism

Question 35

Adrenal medullary monoamine hormones

Answer 35

Tyrosine -> DA -> norepinephrine -> epinephrine

Question 36

Pineal gland monoamine hormone

Answer 36

Tryptophan -> 5HT -> Melatonin (night), serotonin (day)

Question 37

Anterior pituitary origin

Answer 37

Rathke's pouch, outgrowth of roof of mouth

Question 38

Adrenal medulla of adrenal gland

Answer 38

Release 3 monoamine hormones, DA, NE, epinephrine

Question 39

Two compartmentalizations function of gonads

Answer 39

1. Steroidgenesis, production of hormone | 2. Gametogenesis, production of gametes

Question 40

Semi-niferous tubules

Answer 40

Produces sperms in testes

Question 41

Sertoli cells

Answer 41

Where sperms are embedded, provide nutrients

Question 42

Leydig interstitial cells

Answer 42

Hormone producing cells in testes, in between tubules

Question 43

Follicle

Answer 43

Contains egg in ovary

Question 44

Corpora lutea

Answer 44

Structure that develops fro follicles after egg is released

Question 45

Thecal cells

Answer 45

Secrete estrogens, have receptors for LH and can produce androgen from cholesterol in response to LH

Question 46

Granulosa cells

Answer 46

Surround oocytes(immature egg), convert androgen to estrogen in response to FSH, and produce progesterone in response to LH

Question 47

SRY

Answer 47

Encodes testis determination factor, which causes medulla of germinal ridge to develop into a testis

Question 48

Dual anlagen

Answer 48

Presence of both accessory sex organs at the beginning

Question 49

Müllerian duct

Answer 49

No hormone, then develop into Fallopian tubes, cervix, uterus

Question 50

Wolffian duct

Answer 50

In presence of testosterone and MIH, develop into seminal vesicles and vas deferens

Question 51

MIH

Answer 51

Mullerian inhibitory hormone, makes Müllerian duct regress

Question 52

DHT

Answer 52

5-a dihydrotestosterone, converted from testosterone by enzyme 5a-reductase, necessary for development of penis

Question 53

CAH

Answer 53

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, adrenal glands produce too much androgen as opposed to cortisol, masculinization of genitals in females

Question 54

CAIS

Answer 54

Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome, androgen receptors don't function, XY males have female genitalia but with testes, raised as girls but sterile

Question 55

5a- reductase deficiency

Answer 55

XY males born with ambiguous genitalia, raised as girls, but become men at puberty