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Health Sci 1001 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Health?

A

overall condition of a person’s body or mind and to the presence of absence of illness or injury. Determined by genes, age, health care system, etc.

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2
Q

What is Wellness?

A

optimal health and vitality → to living life to its fullest. Determined by decisions you make about how you live (eating, exercise).

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3
Q

What are the 12 determinants of health?

A
  • Income and social status
  • Education and literacy
  • Social environments
  • Personal health practices
  • Biology and genetics
  • Gender
  • Social support networks
  • Employment and working conditions
  • Physical environments
  • Healthy child development
  • Health services
  • Culture
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4
Q

What are risk factors?

A

condition that increases a persons chances of disease or injury.

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5
Q

What is health promotion?

A

process of enabling people to increase control over and improve their health.

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6
Q

Six dimensions of wellness

A
  • Physical – absence of disease, fitness level, ability to care for yourself
  • Emotional – ability to understand/deal with your feelings
  • Intellectual – an active mind and continue trying to learn
  • Interpersonal – ability to develop and maintain supportive relationships
  • Spiritual – possess a set of guiding beliefs, principles, or values that give meaning and purpose to your life
  • Environmental – livability of your surroundings
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7
Q

Infectious and chronic diseases?

A

Infectious Diseases – can pass from person to person (ex: pneumonia)
Chronic Diseases – disease that develops long term (ex: cancer)

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8
Q

More than ___% of drinking drivers involved in fatal car crashes are between the ages of 16-24.

A

30%

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9
Q

__% of Canadians are either overweight or obese.

A

59%

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10
Q

2 problems when talking about health issues for diverse populations

A

1) stereotyping

2) overgeneralizing

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11
Q

Difference between sex and gender

A

Sex – biological and physiological characteristics that define men and women.
Gender – Roles, behaviors, activities, and attributes that a given society considers appropriate for men and women.

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12
Q

More than ___% of Canadian men have not seen their doctor for a checkup in the past year.

A

70%

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13
Q

What people does tay-sachs disease usually affect?

A

Eastern European Jewish heritage and french-canadian heritage

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14
Q

___% of canadians are aboriginals

A

3.8%

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15
Q

what people does CF affect usually?

A

Northern european descent

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16
Q

heart rate disease of first nations and aboriginals compared to non aboriginal canadians?

A

1.5x higher

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17
Q

rate of type II diabetes of first nations and aboriginals compared to non aboriginal canadians?

A

3-5x higher

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18
Q

rate of infection from tuberculosis of first nations and aboriginals compared to non aboriginal canadians?

A

8-10x higher

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19
Q

are first nations more or less active living on the reserve?

A

less

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20
Q

important predictors for poor health

A

poverty and low education

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21
Q

how many people in canada have some level of disability?

A

1 in 7

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22
Q

how many canadians live in rural areas

A

1 in 5

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23
Q

__% of canadians ages 12 or older rate their health as either excellent/very good

A

60%

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24
Q

Factors that influence wellness(5)

A

1) Health habits – regular exercise can help prevent heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, osteoporosis, and depression.
2) Heredity and family history – knowing your family history can help you determine which conditions may be of special concern to you.
Genome: complete set of genetic material in an individuals cell
Gene: basic unit of heredity; a section of genetic material containing chemical instructions for making a particular protein.
5% of Canadians have been diagnosed with diabetes, but many more have it and don’t know it.
3) Environment – the air you breathe, water you drink, conditions in your home and at work all affect your wellness.
4) Access to health care – things like vaccinations prevent many dangerous infections
5) Behavior – you can make a difference in how great an impact heredity and environment will have on your health.

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25
Q

What is behaviour change?

A

a lifestyle management process that involves cultivating health behaviors and working to overcome unhealthy ones.

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26
Q

4 steps to getting serious about your health

A

1) Examine your current health habits
2) Choose a target behavior – an isolated behavior selected as the subject of a behavior change program
3) Learn about your target behavior – how is it affecting your health each day?
4) Find Help – Do you have a challenging target behavior?(ex: alcohol addiction) Help may be needed

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27
Q

2 steps to building motivation to change

A

5) Examine the pros and cons of change
6) Boost self efficacy – the belief in your ability to take action and perform a specific task
o Locus of control – the figurative place a persons designates as the source of responsibility for the events in his or her life.
o Visualization and self talk – visualize yourself engaging in a new, healthier behavior.
o Role models – social support can help boost self efficacy. Tell yourself “if they can do it, so can I”
o Identify and overcome barriers to change – don’t let past failures at behavior change discourage you; they can be a great source of information to boost your chances at future success.

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28
Q

6 steps to enhancing your readiness to change

A

7) Precontemplation – people in this stage believe they have more reasons not to change than they do to change
8) Contemplation – people in this stage wonder about possible courses of action but don’t know how to proceed.
9) Preparation – People at this stage plan to take action within a month or may already have begun to make small change in their behavior
10) Action – people outwardly modify their behavior and their environment
11) Maintenance – people have maintained their new, healthier lifestyle for at least 6 months. Lapses may have occurred.
12) Termination – people at this stage have a new self-image and total self-efficacy with regard to their target behavior

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29
Q

__% of canadians have stopped smoking?

A

27%

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30
Q

steps to dealing with relapse(3)

A

1) Forgive yourself
2) Give yourself credit for the progress you have already made
3) Move on

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31
Q

5 steps to creating a personalized plan

A

1) Monitor your behavior and gather data – keep a record of your target behavior and the circumstances surrounding it and your behavior
2) Analyze the data and identify patterns
3) Be SMART about setting goals – Specific, Measureable, Attainable, Realistic, Timely
4) Devise a plan of action – develop a strategy that will support your efforts to change
5) Make a personal contract – this can help prevent procrastination by specifying important dates and can also serve as a reminder of your personal commitment to change

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32
Q

__% of canadians ages 12 and older, and ___% ages 20 and older engage in physical activity at the level needed for health gains

A

52%, and 48%

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33
Q

More than __% of cases of type II diabetes and __% of cases of coronary heart disease could be avoided or postponed with food nutrition, regular physical activity, the elimination of smoking and effective stress management

A

90%, and 80%

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34
Q

5 ways to make sure you stay with your goal

A
  • Social Influences – look at the reactions of the people youre counting on, and see if theyre really supporting you
  • Levels of Motivation and Commitment
  • Choice of Techniques and Level of Effort – make changes where you’re having the most trouble
  • Stress barrier – If you hit a wall, look at the sources of stress in your life and find healthy ways to manage it
  • Procrastination, Rationalizing, and Blaming – be alert, and stop procrastinating, rationalizing(making excuses), and blaming (I couldn’t lift because maggie took all the weights)
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35
Q

What is psychological health?

A

our capacity to think, feel, and behave in ways that contribute to our ability to enjoy life and manage challenges.

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36
Q

What qualities do self-actualized people have?

A

• Realism – they are realistic
• Acceptance – accept themselves as they are
o Self esteem – satisfaction and confidence in yourself; the valuing of yourself as a person
o Self concept- the ideas, feelings, and perceptions people have about themselves; also called self image.
• Autonomy – Independence; the sense of being self-directed.
o Inner-directed: guided in behavior by an inner set of rules
o Other-directed: guided in behavior by the values and expectations of others
• Authenticity – genuineness
• Capacity for intimacy – healthy people can be physically and emotionally intimate.
• Creativity – continually look at the world with renewed appreciation.

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37
Q

__% of all people who intend to commit suicide hint or make a comment to someone, usually a friend.

A

80%

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38
Q

Nearly __% of Canadians report their mental health as excellent or very good.

A

70%

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39
Q

Whats an identity crisis?

A

Internal confusion about who you are(developed by erikson)

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40
Q

What are values?

A

criteria for judging what is good and bad, which underlie a person’s moral decisions.

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41
Q

Living according to values means doing what 3 things?

A

o Considering your options carefully before making a choice
o Choosing between options without succumbing to outside pressures that oppose your values
o Making a choice and acting on it rather than doing nothing

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42
Q

What is integration/integrated self concept?

A

integrated self concept is one that you have made for yourself – not someone else’s image of you or a mask that doesn’t quite fit.

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43
Q

What is stability?

A

depends on the integration of the self and its freedom from contradictions.

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44
Q

3 ways to fight demoralization(a negative self-concept)

A

• Notice your patterns of thinking - Recognize and test the negative thoughts and assumptions you may have about yourself and others. Try to note when an unpleasant emotion occurs or gets worse.
• Avoid focusing on the negative – don’t jump to conclusions or blame anyone else and don’t personalize the situation in a way that would hurt you
o Cognitive distortions – a pattern of negative thinking that makes events seem worse than they are
• Develop realistic self talk – self talk is the statements a person makes to himself or herself. Look at chart on page 41

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45
Q

What is a defense mechanism?

A

a mental device for coping with conflict or anxiety. Look at chart on page 41

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46
Q

Why can defines mechanisms be hard to identify on yourself?

A

because they can become habits.

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47
Q

What did Martin Seligmann say? (related to optimism)

A

we are more used to refuting(prove to be wrong) negative statements, such as “the problem is going to last forever and ruin everything and its all my fault”, when they come from others rather than from our own mind.

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48
Q

__% of Canadian children and youth are affected by mental illness at any given time.

A

15%

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49
Q

What is assertiveness?

A

Expression that is forceful but not hostile.

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50
Q

Recent studies have shown that hostile people seem to be at (higher or lower) risk for heart attacks?

A

higher

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51
Q

What is intermittent explosive disorder?

A

people whose anger is explosive or misdirected

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52
Q

2 ways to manage your anger

A

o First, try to reframe what you’re thinking at that moment.

o Second, try to distract yourself. Leave the situation until your anger has subsided.

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53
Q

__% of Canadians will experiences an anxiety disorder during their lifetime.

A

12%

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54
Q

What is anxiety?

A

a feeling of fear that is not directed toward any definite threat

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55
Q

What is a simple/specific phobia?

A

a persistent and excessive fear of a specific object, activity, or situation. Nearly 8% of Canadians have a specific phobia. Ex: spiders

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56
Q

What is a social phobia?

A

an excessive fear of being observed in public; speaking in public is the most common example.

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57
Q

What is a panic disorder?

A

a syndrome of severe anxiety attacks accompanied by physical symptoms.

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58
Q

___% of canadians experience a panic disorder OR generalized anxiety disorder(GAD)

A

1%

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59
Q

Generalized anxiety disorder(GAD)?

A

an anxiety disorder characterized by excessive, uncontrollable worry about all kinds of things and anxiety in many situations.

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60
Q

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder(OCD)

A

An anxiety disorder characterized by uncontrollable, recurring thoughts and the performing of irrational rituals.

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61
Q

__% of Canadians have OCD

A

2%

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62
Q

What are obsessions and compulsions?

A

obsessions - recurrent, unwanted, irrational thoughts or impulses. Unlike GAD, they are not ordinary concerns, but improbable fears(having been contaminated by germs).

Compulsions – an irrational, repetitive, forced action, usually associated with an obsession(handwashing, or whether a door has been locked).

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63
Q

Behavioral addictions

A

an activity or a behavior that is maladaptive and persistent despite the negative consequences. (ex: gambling, shopping, or sexual activity). It may have negative consequences, but the subject keeps returning to them.

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64
Q

Post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD)

A

an anxiety disorder characterized by reliving traumatic events through dreams, flashbacks, and hallucinations.

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65
Q

Approx how many new yorkers developed PTSD after 9/11

A

150,000

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66
Q

For panic disorders, OCD, and GAD, would you use a cognitive behavioural thearpy, or drug treatment?

A

both are effective

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67
Q

What are mood disorders?

A

an emotional disturbance that is intense and persistent enough to affect normal function

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68
Q

What are 2 types of mood disorders

A

depression and bipolar disorder

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69
Q

What is depression?

A

a mood disorder characterized by loss of interest, sadness, hopelessness, loss of appetite, disturbed sleep, and other physical symptoms.

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70
Q

__% of Canadians during their lifetime experience depression

A

8%

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71
Q

__% of Inuit have experienced a major depressive episode

A

3%

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72
Q

__% of first nations people have experiences major depression.

A

16%

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73
Q

What is dysthymic disorder?

A

people who experience persistent symptoms of mild or moderate depression for two years or longer.

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74
Q

What are some warning signs of suicide?

A

o Expression of the wish to be dead
o Increasing social withdrawal and isolation
o A sudden lightening of mood(this could mean they’ve decided to commit suicide)

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75
Q

In Canada, men between the ages of ___ have the highest suicide rate

A

45-49

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76
Q

Do men or women have higher suicide rates?

A

men

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77
Q

canadian aboriginal youth have __x higher suicide rates than the national average

A

2-6x

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78
Q

Women attempt suicide 3x as often as men, yet men succeed at more than 4x the rate of women. true or false?

A

true

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79
Q

More than __% of Canadians with depression respond very well to treatment

A

80%

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80
Q

What percent of Canadians seek treatment for depression?

A

10%

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81
Q

How do antidepressants work?

A

by affecting key neurotransmitters in the brain, including serotonin.

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82
Q

What does the herbal supplement St. John’s wort do?

A

affects serotonin levels. used for depression(?)

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83
Q

What is electroconvulsive therapy and what does it treat?

A

the use of electric shock on the head to induce brief, generalized seizures; used in the treatment of selected psychological disorders. Mainly depression

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84
Q

What is seasonal affective disorder?(SAD)

A

a mood disorder characterized by season depression, usually occurring in the winter, when there is less daylight.

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85
Q

How is seasonal affective disorder treated?

A

Its treated by having people sit with their eyes open in front of a bright light every morning

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86
Q

__% of Canadians experience winter blues, and __% experiences symptoms of SAD.

A

15%, 2-3%

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87
Q

What is mania?

A

a mood disorder characterized by excessive elation, irritability, talkativeness, inflated self esteem, and expansiveness.

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88
Q

What is bipolar disorder?

A

a mood disorder characterized by alternating periods of depression and mania

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89
Q

What can be used to treat manic episodes?

A

tranquilizers - salt lithium carbonate

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90
Q

What is schizophrenia

A

a psychological disorder that involves a disturbance in thinking and in perceiving reality.

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91
Q

How many canadians have a schizophrenic episode in their lifetime?

A

1/100

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92
Q

Is schizophrenia genetic?

A

yes, children born to a parent with schizophrenia have a higher risk

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93
Q

Characteristics of schizophrenia

A

o Disorganized thoughts
o Inappropriate emotions
o Delusions(think people can read their mind)
o Auditory hallucinations
o Deteriorating social and work functioning

94
Q

4 different perspectives that apply to psychological disorders

A

o Biological
o Behavioral
o Cognitive
o Psychodynamic

95
Q

What is the biological model?

A

o Emphasizes that the mind’s activity depends entirely on the brain, whose composition is genetically determined.

96
Q

What is the behavioural model?

A

o Focuses on what people do rather than their brain structures.

97
Q

What is the cognitive model?

A

o Emphasizes the effect of ideas on behavior and feeling. According to this model, behavior results from complicated attitudes, expectations, and motives rather than reinforcement.

98
Q

What is the psychodynamic model?

A

o Does not believe thoughts can be changed directly because they are fed by other unconscious ideas and impulses.

99
Q

examples of antidepressants

A

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors(SSRIs – due to what they do) – Prozac, paxil, Zoloft, luvox, celexa, lexapro. Tricyclics(due to chemical structure) – Aventyl and Elavil.

100
Q

examples of mood stabilizers

A

lithium carbonate, depakene, lamictal, and Topamax

101
Q

examples of antipsychotics

A

older: haloperidol and fluphenazine; newer: clozaril, zyprexa, Risperdal, Seroquel, zeldox, abilify, and invega.

102
Q

examples of anxiolytics(anti anxiety)

A

benzodiazepines – valium, librax, Xanax, Ativan. Newer: imovane

103
Q

examples of stimulants

A

ritalant and Dexedrine are most common for ADHD.

104
Q

examples of anti-dementia drugs

A

alzheimers is prescribed Aricept or ebixa.

105
Q

stimulus?

A

anything that causes a response

106
Q

response?

A

reaction to a stimulus

107
Q

reinforcement?

A

increasing the future probability of a response by following it with a reward

108
Q

Whats the exposure technique?

A

therapeutic technique for treating fear in which the subject learns to come into direct contact with a feared situation.

109
Q

What is stress?

A

the general physiological and emotional state that accompanies the stress response.

110
Q

What is a stressor?

A

any physical or psychological event or condition that produces stress.

111
Q

What is a stress response?

A

the physical and emotional changes associated with stress.

112
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

the branch of the nervous system that controls basic body processes; consist of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. In addition to digestion, it controls your heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, and hundreds of other involuntary functions.

113
Q

What is the parasympathetic divisions?

A

a division of the autonomic nervous system that moderates the excitatory effect of the sympathetic division, slowing metabolism and restoring energy supplies.

114
Q

What is the sympathetic divisions?

A

a division of the autonomic nervous system that reacts to danger or other challenges by almost instantly accelerating body processes(pain, anger, or fear).

115
Q

What is norepinephrine/what does it do?

A

a neurotransmitter released by the sympathetic nervous system onto specific tissues to increase their function during increased activity; when released by the brain, causes arousal(increased attention, awareness, and alertness); also called noradrenaline.

116
Q

What is the endocrine system

A

the system of glands, tissues, and cells that secrete hormones into the bloodstream to influence metabolism and other body processes.

117
Q

What are hormones

A

a chemical messenger produced in the body and transported in the bloodstream to target cells or organs for specific regulation of their activities.

118
Q

The release of cortisol and epinephrine causes…?

A

o Heart rate and respiration rates accelerate to speed oxygen through body
o Hearing and vision become more accurate
o The liver releases extra sugar into the bloodstream to boost energy
o Perspiration increases to cool the skin
o The brain releases endorphins – chemicals that can inhibit or block sensations of pain.

119
Q

Fight or Flight reaction

A

a defense reaction that prepares an individual for conflict or escape by triggering hormonal, cardiovascular, metabolic, and other changes.

120
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

a state of stability and consistency in an individuals physiological functioning.

121
Q

Does your parasympathetic nervous system excites or calms your body in stressful situations?

A

calms

122
Q

Two factors that can reduce the magnitude of the stress response are:

A

1) successful prediction
2) perception of control
ex: having a course syllabus telling you when your exam times are, allows you to predict the timing of major exams.

123
Q

effective responses to stressors

A

talking, laughing, exercising, meditating, learning time management skills, etc.

124
Q

ineffective responses to stressors

A

overeating, expressing hostility, using tobacco or alcohol.

125
Q

What is the somatic nervous system?

A

the branch of the peripheral nervous system that governs motor functions and sensory information, largely under conscious control.

126
Q

what is personality?

A

the sum of behavioral, cognitive, and emotional tendencies.

127
Q

what are the 4 personality types?

A

o Type A – ultracompetitive, controlling, impatient, aggressive, hostile. Higher perceived stress levels and have a harder time coping with stress.
o Type B – relaxed, contemplative, less frustrated and more tolerant to people.
o Type C – anger suppression, difficulty expressing emotions, feelings of hopelessness and exaggerated response to minor stressors.
o Type D – distressed, feel (but don’t express) negative emotions and avoid social contact with others, gloomy, anxious worriers.

128
Q

hardiness

A

Hardiness – a form of optimism.

129
Q

resilience

A

personality traits associated with social and academic success in at-risk populations (ex: people with low income family).

130
Q

3 types of resilience

A

o Nonreactive resilience – person does not react to stressor
o Homeostatic resilience – person may react strongly but returns to baseline functioning quickly
o Positive growth resilience – person learns and grows from the stress experience.

131
Q

What are some basic stress management strategies?

A

o Building greater social support through meaningful relationships
o Participating in and contributing to your family
o Setting higher expectations
o Trusting others

132
Q

More than __% of Canadians report feeling very stressed at least once a month

A

75%

133
Q

__% of Canadians feel stressed a few times each week

A

43%

134
Q

What is the general adaptation syndrome(GAS)?

A

a pattern of stress responses consisting of three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.

135
Q

who coined the term GAS

A

This term was coined by Hans Seyle

136
Q

3 stages of GAS

A

o Alarm – complex sequence of events brought on by the fight-or-flight reaction. The body is more susceptible to disease because it is geared up to deal with a crisis.
o Resistance – body develops new level of homeostasis in which it is more resistant to disease and injury than usual.
o Exhaustion – life-threatening physiological state.

137
Q

What is allostatic load?

A

long-term negative impact of the stress response on the body. This is dependent on many factors such as genetics, life experiences, and emotional and behavioral responses to stressors. It may be due to frequent stressors.

138
Q

What is psychoneuroimmunology(PNI)?

A

study of the interactions among the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems.

139
Q

Increased levels or cortisol are linked to a ____(increase or decrease) number of immune system cells called lymphocytes.

A

decreased

140
Q

What does epinephrine do to lymphocytes?

A

Epinephrine appears to promote the release of lymphocytes but at the same time reduces their efficiency.

141
Q

__% of Canadians know that prolonged stress increases the risk for CVD(cardiovascular disease).

A

80%

142
Q

Cardiovascular disease and stress

A

during the stress response, hate rate increases and blood vessels constrict, causing blood pressure to rise.

143
Q

Which enzyme does stress activate and what does it do?

A

PKC enzyme. Excess PKC can negatively affect focus, judgment, and ability to think clearly. Stress can cause psychological problems like PTSD

144
Q

Common sources of stress

A
  • Major Life Changes
  • Daily Hassles – losing your keys or wallet
  • Postsecondary Stressors – academic stress, interpersonal stress, time pressures, financial concerns, worries about the future.
  • Job Related Stressors – if job-related stress is severe, it can result in burnout: a state of physical, mental and emotional exhaustion.
  • Social Stressors – real social networks AND virtual social networks.
  • Environmental Stressors – natural disasters, acts of violence, or industrial accidents.
  • Internal Stressors – goals, unrealistic expectations can be a significant source of stress.
145
Q

Stress and nutrition

A

For the purpose of managing stress, you will find it helpful if you avoid caffeine.

146
Q

What is REM sleep

A

portion of the sleep cycle during which dreaming occurs. Blood pressure/heart rate is high.

147
Q

What is NREM sleep

A

portion of the sleep cycle that involves deep sleep; non-REM sleep includes four states of successively deeper sleep. Blood pressure/heart rate is low.

148
Q

what is sleep deprivation

A

lack of sleep over time.

149
Q

what is insomnia

A

sleep problem involving the inability to fall or stay asleep.

150
Q

what is sleep apnea

A

interruption of normal breathing during sleep.

151
Q

What are some ways to manage stress

A

1) time management
2) writing
3) cognitive tasks(problem solve, stay positive, take control, etc)
4) relaxation techniques
5) counterproductive coping strategies(tobacco or alcohol use)

152
Q

What is a relaxation response?

A

physiological state characterized by a feeling of warmth and quiet mental alterness.

153
Q

What is visualization?

A

technique for promoting relaxation or improving performance that involves creating or re-creating vivid mental pictures of a place or experience; aka imagery

154
Q

What is meditation?

A

technique for quieting the mind by focusing on a particular word, object or process(breathing).

155
Q

__% of Canadians use relaxation techniques to combat stress.

A

40%

156
Q

what is subcutaneous fat

A

Fat just beneath the skin; critical for normal body functioning; 80% of body fat

157
Q

what is visceral fat

A

Fat inside the abdominal wall and around the internal organs; excess leads to greater risk of heart disease, insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome; 10-20% in males and 5-8% in females

158
Q

what is ectopic fat

A

fat located on or within organs, such as the liver, heart and brain; increases the risk for metabolic syndrome, heart disease, and stroke

159
Q

what is percent body fat

A

the percentage of total body weight that is composed of fat

-overfat (more accurate term for having too much body fat) rather than overweight

160
Q

how to maintain your weight

A

energy in = energy out

161
Q

positive energy balance

A

more calories in than burned; excess calories will be stored as fat

162
Q

negative energy balance

A

fewer calories in than burned; lose some of stored fat

163
Q

Canadians lean towards the energy ___(in or out) side

A

in; due to our environment’s high fat, high calorie foods and palatable, easily available and inexpensive unhealthy foots

164
Q

overweight

A

body weight that falls above the recommended range for good health

165
Q

obesity

A

condition of having an excess of nonessential body fat; having a BMI of 30 or greater or having body fat percentage greater than about 25%men and 33% for women

166
Q

height weight charts

A

range of ideal or recommended body weights associated with the lowest mortality for people of a particular sex, age, and height

167
Q

Body mass index, BMI

A

measure of relative body weight that takes height into account and is highly correlated with more direct measures of body fat; calculated by dividing total body weight in kilograms by the square of height in meters

168
Q

whats the most accurate and direct way to evaluate body composition?

A

to determine percent body fat

169
Q

hydrostatic weighing

A

submerged and weighed underwater or in an air chamber)

170
Q

if you have more fat, will you sink or float?

A

float

171
Q

bod pod

A

amount of air displaced by a person’s body

172
Q

skinfold measurements

A

measures thickness of fat under the skin

173
Q

electrical impediance analysis

A

electrical conduction through the body favours the path of the fat-free tissues over fat tissues

174
Q

scanning procedures

A

computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), dual-energy X-ray absoroptiometry (DEXA), dual-photon absorptiometry

175
Q

theres a song association between excess body fat and what?

A

diabetes mellitus

176
Q

what is diabetes mellitus

A

disease causes the disruption of normal metabolism; build up of glucose in the bloodstream]

177
Q

what are some risk factors of excess body fat

A

doubles mortality rates and can reduce life expectancy by 10-20 years

178
Q

symptoms of diabetes

A

frequent urination, extreme thirst/hunger, unexplained weight loss, extreme fatigue, blurred vision, frequent infections, slow wound healing

179
Q

type 1 diabetes

A

Pancreas produces no/little insulin, No signal is sent instructing cell to transport glucose and glucose builds up in the bloodstream

180
Q

type 2 diabetes

A

Pancreas produces too little insulin or body’s cells are resistant to it. Some insulin binds to receptors on the cell’s surface but the signal to transport glucose is blocked. Glucose builds up in the bloodstream.

181
Q

gestational diabetes

A

usually disappears after pregnancy, but often there is a development of type 2 diabetes.

182
Q

prevention of diabetes

A
  1. adoption of healthy lifestyle behaviours

2. moderate diet

183
Q

treatment for diabetes

A

no cure, but can be managed by keeping blood glucose-levels within safe limits through diet, exercise, and medication

184
Q

apple shape

A

excess fat in abdominal

185
Q

body image

A

the mental representation a person holds about his/her body at any given moment in time, consisting of perceptions, images, thoughts, attitudes and emotions about the body

186
Q

negative body image

A

dissatisfaction with the body or some part of the body in particular

187
Q

what are low levels of body fat linked to

A

linked to reproductive, circulatory, immune system disorders

188
Q

female athlete triad

A

a condition consisting of three interrelated disorders: abnormal eating patterns and excessive exercising, followed by a lack of menstrual periods (amenorrhea) and decreased bone density (premature osteoporosis)

189
Q

factors that contribute to excess body fat

A
  1. genetic factors
  2. physiological factors
  3. lifestyle factors
  4. pyschosocial factors
190
Q

nurtigenomics

A

study of how nutrients and genes interact and how genetic variations can cause people to respond differently to nutrients in food

191
Q

metabolism

A

sum of all the vital processes by which food energy and nutrients are made available to and used by the body

192
Q

resting metabolic rate

A

the energy required to maintain vital body functions, including respiration, heart rate, body temperature and blood pressure, while the body is at rest

193
Q

higher RMR(resting metabolic rate) the more ___

A

muscle

194
Q

hormones in physiological factors for excess body fat

A

leptin [let the brain know how big or small the body’s fat stores are – brain then regulates appetite and metabolic rate accordingly]

195
Q

Lifestyle choices still account for the largest proportion of the differences in body weight and body composition among individuals, true or false

A

true

196
Q

fat cells

A

amount of fat (adipose tissue) the body can store is a function of the number and size of fat (adipose) cells

197
Q

gynoid obesity

A

subcutaneous fat appears on lower body, hips upper thighs and buttox

198
Q

android obesity

A

excess visceral/ectopic fat carried on upper body (apples)

→apples are bad, pears are good [in terms of health risks]

199
Q

Diet/Eating habits (4)

A

(1) Total calories (amount consumed = amount burned)
(2) Portion Sizes (avoid overconsumption - look out for meal size & high calorie, low nutritious meals)
(3) Energy (Calorie) density - # of calories/gram of food – find healthy options with more weight/cal
(4) Eating habits: several small meals, not skipping meals (4-5/day)

200
Q

diet

A

daily food choices

201
Q

healthy lifestyles for successful weight management

A

diet and eating habits
physical activity/exercise
thinking and emotion
coping strategies

202
Q

approaches to overcoming a weight problem

A
  1. do it yourself
  2. diet books and fad diets
  3. dietary supplements and diet aids
  4. weight-loss programs
  5. prescription drugs
  6. surgery
  7. professional help
203
Q

different types of weight loss programs

A
  1. non commercial
  2. commercial
  3. online
  4. clinical
204
Q

different types of surgery for weight loss

A
  1. gastric bypass
    a. roux-en-Y-Gastric by pass
    b. vertical banded gastroplasy
    c. lap-band
    d. liposuction
205
Q

body dysmorphic disorder

A

extreme dissatisfaction; related to OCD and can lead to depression; medication and theraphy can help

206
Q

muscle dysmorphia

A

experienced by some body builders and other active people in which they see themselves as small and out of shape despite being very muscular; potential use of steroids

207
Q

eating disorders

A

a serious disturbance in eating patterns or eating-related behaviour, characterized by a negative body image and concerns about body weight or body fat

208
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

eating disorder characterized by a refusal to maintain body weight at a minimally healthy level and an intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat; self-starvation

209
Q

health risks of anorexia nervosa

A

stop menstruating, become intolerant of cold, develop low blood pressure and heart rate, dry skin. Cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, endocrine, skeletal disorders. Depression

210
Q

bulimia nervosa

A

eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating and purging –overeating and then using compensatory behaviours such as vomiting, laxatives, excessive exercise, to prevent weight gain.

211
Q

health risks of bulimia nervosa

A

eroding tooth enamel, damage of liver/kidneys, cardiac arrhythmia, chronic hoarseness, esophageal tearing with bleeding, stomach rupture

212
Q

binge eating disorder

A

an eating disorder characterized by binge eating and a lack of control over eating behaviour in general

213
Q

borderline disordered eating

A

some symptoms of eating disorders but do not meet full diagnostic criteria
→excessive dieting, occasional bingeing/purging, inability to control eating

214
Q

types of eating disorders (4)

A
  1. anorexia nervosa
  2. bulimia nervosa
  3. binge eating disorder
  4. borderline disordered eating
215
Q

treating eating disorders

A

address problematic eating behaviours and the misuse of food to manage stress and emotions
-involves a combination of psychotherapy and medical management

216
Q

treating anorexia

A

restoring adequate body weight, then addressing psychological aspects

217
Q

treating bulimia/binge

A

stabilizing eating patterns, identifying and changing patterns that led to disordered eating, then improving coping skills

218
Q

drug treatments for depression

A
  1. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAO)
  2. Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAS)
  3. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
  4. Seratonin/Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)
219
Q

second leading cause of death among youth

A

suicide

220
Q

men and women have schizophrenia equally, true or false

A

true

221
Q

2nd most common mental health problem

A

anxiety disorder

222
Q

anxiety affects how many canadians

A

1 in 10

223
Q

how many canadians does a panic disorder affect

A

2 million

224
Q

2/3 of people who seek help for panic disorders are men or women

A

women

225
Q

1 in 5 youths reported daily stress in high

and very high ranges, true or false

A

true

226
Q

top stressors in stress study

A

school (69%), money

24%), and body appearance (24%

227
Q

in the stress study, how many keep it to themselves and how many deal with it regularly

A

42% keep problems to themselves

19% routinely seek help to deal with

228
Q

___% of canadian men and ___% of women were classified as overweight

A

41.3%, 26.9%

229
Q

___% of men and ___% of women were classified as obese

A

19%, 18%

230
Q

children 5-17 are overweight

A

20%

231
Q

children 5-17 are obese

A

12%

232
Q

in the meta analysis of the freshman 15 study, what were the results

A

students gain 3.5lbs over the 4 years of university, and 1.2% body fat

Health Sci 1001 (2 decks)

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