Midterm 1

Question 1

__-__ Hz for low freq modalities

fxn?

deapth of penetration

Answer 1

0-1,000Hz

fxn: conduction

Superficial M/N

Question 2

__-__ Hz for middle freq

fxn?

deapth of penetration

Answer 2

1,000-10,000 Hz

fxn: conduction

deep M/N 1” deep

Question 3

__-__ Hz for high freq modalities

fxn?

deapth of penetration

Answer 3

100,000 Hz - 1x10^10Hz

deep heat 2” penetration

Question 4

__-__ Hz for ultra high freq modalities

fxn?

deapth of penetration

Answer 4

1x10^10 Hz

fxn: radiation and convention

superficial heat penetration

Question 5

name 2 direct current modalities

Answer 5

LVDC

HVDC

Question 6

name 3 alternating Current modalities

Answer 6

Faradic Wave Current (FWC)
Sine Wave current (SWC)
Square Wave Current (SQWC)

Question 7

What is considered to be the best conductor in the human body?

Answer 7

M and tendon- made of more water

skin and bone = worst conductors

Question 8

What stage do we want to control during inflammation?

Answer 8

vasodilation: getting the waste product out

Question 9

Feq needed for vasoconstriction

Answer 9

use: acute

1-10 Hz: 2-5Hz will give endorphans and constriction

80-250Hz: best used for red hot acute injury

Question 10

Freq needed for vasodilation

Answer 10

use: chronic

20-40Hz

Question 11

freq used for M stim

Answer 11

use: chronic

40-80 Hz

Question 12

Freq used for analgesic effect

Answer 12

80-250 Hz

use: acute

Question 13

Ohms law

Answer 13

spastic M have more resistance due to decr tissue conductivity–> need more amp to get thru tiss

Question 14

____: the intensity control on the machine

Answer 14

Rheostat

Question 15

Joules law of thermodynamics

give the three parts

Answer 15

#1: Heat is directly proportional to intensity squared 
#2: different types of heat to different resistance 
•	ex: there needs to be more heat for more resistant scar tiss 
#3: heat is directly proportional to time
•	ex: the longer you leave something on the hotter it gets

Question 16

Arndt- Schultz law

Answer 16

there is a proper amt of tx for a proper condition

Question 17

Grotthur- Draper law

Answer 17

if tissue has the correct receptors and can take the NRG it take it, if not it passes the NRG on

Question 18

Vant Hoff’s Law

Answer 18

for every 1 degree celsius you can incr tiss temp, metabolism increases 2-3x’s

Question 19

Heart rate change (law)

Answer 19

for every 1 deg F, will increase HR by 10bpm

Question 20

____: min. voltage required to cause a stim

Answer 20

Rheobase

Question 21

Wedensky inhibition

Answer 21

Middle freq (or higher): can’t cause depolarization, bc the freq is to high (to often) never leave the absolute refractory period

Question 22

Reymond-DuBois Law

Answer 22

Can get another stim to take place on the back end of the absolute refract
• by: incr speed of e-‘s by incr the voltage
• decreases the threshold
• throws the e- in a differ. way to confuse the body

Question 23

Phase: __

Answer 23

zero to the next zero

Question 24

Pulse: ___

Answer 24

goes from on to off

Question 25

Interval: ___

Answer 25

off time --> btw the pulse

Question 26

Burst:___

Answer 26

polyphasic waves crammed together

Question 27

___ is the only modality that has polarity for clinical sig.

Answer 27

LVDC | monophasic

Question 28

exmple anode vs. cathode on a LVDC

Answer 28

anode: acute * acidic * attracts O2 * hardens and pushes inflammation out * vasoconstricts Cathode: chronic * basic * softens * vasodilates

Question 29

Pflugar's Law

Answer 29

anelectrotonus: state of decr irritability of M / N catelectrotonus: state of incr irritability of M/N

Question 30

Which modality do you need to use the "5 min rule " with

Answer 30

LVDC

Question 31

``` LVDC : Freq? Voltage ? wavelength? penetration? ```

Answer 31

0 Hz 110 V tx time = wavelength <1in penetration