Midterm 1

Question 1

Hajj

Answer 1

The Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca that takes place in the last month of the year, and that all Muslims are expected to make at least once during their lifetime.

Question 2

Bilal

Answer 2

(Person) first muezzin: official who calls Muslims to prayer); Sundiata traces his ancestry back to him

Question 3

St. Domingue Slave Revolt

Answer 3

Haitian Revolution 1790s:
•Origin of Abolition movement
•Haitian revolution (St. Domingue): 1st successful revolt
-Abolished slavery (first ones) and began abolition movement
-Was a dominant place for African slave to land during Atlantic Slave Trade

Question 4

Legitimate Trade

Answer 4

Shift in demand from slaves to new products produced by Africans: palm oil, palm kernels (for making soap), gum Arabic (a dye fixer used in textile industry), peanuts, and latex
•Still calling for more land and more labor yet after abolition movement
•Slaves were still needed for ‘legitimate’ trade…ironic

Question 5

The dual mandate

Answer 5

Statement of British policy: practice in which elected officials serve in more than one elected or other public position simultaneously.

• both colonized and colonizer benefit; justification for British parliament for colonialism
• 1922

Question 6

Wealth-in-people

Answer 6

•Key to increasing power depends on number of people could get to work on land for you
•Personal dependence
- People had to engage in trade—depended on reciprocity
- This was more important than wealth in commodities or land

Question 7

Mansa Musa

Answer 7

Emperor of Mali
•Mansa Musa’s pilgrimage to Mecca 1324-25; African to make the hajj
•Greatest asset in spread of Islam in urban areas

Question 8

Jenne-jeno

Answer 8

• Earliest urban cluster found: ~ 250 BC to 14th century
• Hetarachy: form of organization in which different sources of power, rather than being centralized and consolidated, are counterpoised
• People wanted to be part of urban place without being consumed by it

Question 9

Fictive kinship

Answer 9

• The most common African idiom of personal dependency
• Underlying ideal: to enlarge one’s kin group
• Collectively own material things; reproduce socially - not necessarily blood or marriage ties

Question 10

Sundiata

Answer 10

•Founder of ancient Mali in 13th century
•Ancestry traced back to Bilal
- Story of “Sundiata Keita”: passed down by oral tradition (narrated by griots)

Question 11

kipande

Answer 11

• Piece of paper that demonstrated was a registered citizen in Kenya for all boys over age of 15 (1920s)
• Made it possible to track back to reserve
• Details of physical traits, personal details, employment history, and fingerprints

Question 12

Shirazi

Answer 12

• Members of deeply-routed Swahili families who claim origins of city of Shiraz in Persia -> highly unlikely though
• the founder and ruling class of the city of Kilwa all claimed to be Shirazi people

Question 13

Natives (Urban Areas) Act, 1923

Answer 13

• Allowed to establish African locations in cities and must live there; Tried to moderate African urbanization
• Could be expelled if don’t have permission to live/work there

Question 14

Frederick Lugard

Answer 14

• Lugard’s ‘The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa’ was published in 1922.
• he believed that Africans were not ready to accept European culture

Question 15

mbudye

Answer 15

• Ruled with help of officials called mbudye
• *Members were known as “men of memory”
• One of ways the transmitted history was through Lakasa -(memory boards) and staffs, scarring, hairstyle
• *part of Luba Kingdom

Question 16

Informal economy

Answer 16

• Informal economy = little or no capital required
• Part of economy that wasn’t taxed or monitored
• represented commercialization of domestic skills and dependance on social networks
• Women trying to make a living - Illiterate women who needed little capital to start business

Question 17

kitemo

Answer 17

Female associations:

• Revolving saving societies; money saved every month and kept by treasurer and each member gets the total amount on a regular basis
• Importance of collective networks of support
• Helped women to build financial and social capital
• Urban cities: 1920s

Question 18

“The White Man’s Burden”

Answer 18

• Ideological justifications: doing good things by creating civilization and bringing western cultures/ techniques to ‘backward’ people
• Trying to justify appearance to Africans
• Caused colonialism

Question 19

Berlin Conference of 1884-84

Answer 19

• The scramble for Africa

* Regulated European colonization and trade in Africa

Question 20

Lemba

Answer 20

• Great Lakes region
• Lemba = gov’t; Lemba functioned like other centralized healing areas
• Obtaining key alliances
• Lemba transformed decentralized system in a way that would become orderly

Question 21

Griot

Answer 21

Orator that was considered prestigious that would tell the members of his community of their history; oral tradition

• based in Mali (movie)
• 14th century

Question 22

Apartheid

Answer 22

• Wanted complete African segregation in ALL areas—for them to only live on reserves
• Ultimate version of British control
• African culture needed to be protected and isolated from white influence
• After 1948 election

Question 23

Great Zimbabwe

Answer 23

• Best known/largest ancient stone construction: no question about urbanization
• Constructed btwn 12th and 15th century
• Difference from Jenne-jeno: Has monumental architecture, long distance trade, elite history, and capital