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BIOM*3200 MAMMALIAN PHYSIOLOGY > MIDTERM 1 > Flashcards

MIDTERM 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Beta-adrenergic receptors stimulate the production of cAMP.

True/False

A

True

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2
Q

During the absolute refractory period, a supramaximal stimulus can bring the cell to threshold.
True/False

A

False

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3
Q

Once threshold is reached on the postsynaptic membrane, an action potential is generated and propagated over the muscle cell membrane.
True/False

A

True

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4
Q

In a contracting muscle the Z lines come closer together.

True/False

A

True

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5
Q

Smooth muscle and skeletal muscle fibers both have their contractions triggered by calcium ions.
True/False

A

True

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6
Q

Lower motor neurons are found in the lower part of the brain.
True/False

A

False

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7
Q

The epimysium surrounds the individual muscle cells.

True/False

A

False

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8
Q

An EPSP is conducted decrementally to the axon hillock, where voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels are opened to created an action potential in the first segment of the axon.
True/False

A

True

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9
Q

Adrenergic receptors are found on the surface of postganglionic sympathetic neurons.
True/False

A

False

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10
Q

Receptors that bind the neurotransmitter at the post-synaptic cell membrane are voltage-gated.
True/False

A

False

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11
Q

The axons that extend from the autonomic ganglion to the effector organs are called
__________

A

postganglionic

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12
Q

The ________

tract terminates at the cerebellum.

A

spinocerebellar

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13
Q

The endocrine and nervous systems are considered
_________
homeostatic regulatory mechanisms.

A

extrinsic

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14
Q

Contraction of
__________
muscle can be consciously controlled.

A

skeletal

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15
Q

Rigor mortis in skeletal muscle occurs due to a lack of _________

A

ATP

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16
Q

The blood-brain barrier results mostly from the action of

________, a type of glial cell.

A

astrocytes

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17
Q

The paravertebral and collateral ganglia are associated with the
_________ division of the autonomic nervous system.

A

sympathetic

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18
Q

Multipolar neurons are the most common type and they have several
________ and one axon ending from the cell body.

A

dendrites

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19
Q

The ________ complex contains three proteins designated as the I, T, and C types.

A

troponin

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20
Q

The ________ is composed of high concentrations of cell bodies and dendrites which lack myelin sheaths.

A

grey matter

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21
Q

Which of the following is true of autonomic innervation of effectors?

  • ANS stimulation can be excitatory or inhibitory.
  • Smooth and cardiac muscle cannot contract without ANS stimulation.
  • Ganglia may or may not be present along ANS pathways.
  • There are specialized motor end plates at ANS effectors the same as PNS effectors.
A

ANS stimulation can be excitatory or inhibitory.

22
Q

The gap of exposed axon in the myelin sheath is the

  • neurilemma.
  • node of Ranvier.
  • sheath of Schwann.
  • white matter.
A

node of Ranvier

23
Q

Which of the following adrenergic effects is correct?

  • heart rate increases
  • GI tract motility increase
  • GI tract motility increase
  • constriction of bronchioles
A

heart rate increases

24
Q

The bond between the actin and myosin head is broken when…

  • an ATP molecule binds to the myosin head.
  • ADP and phosphate bind to the myosin head.
  • an ATP molecule breaks down on the myosin head.
  • n ATP molecule breaks down on the actin molecule.
A

an ATP molecule binds to the myosin head

25
Q

Cells supporting neuron cell bodies in ganglia are termed

  • astrocytes.
  • ependymal cells.
  • satellite cells.
  • Schwann cells.
A

satellite cells

26
Q

Which of the following organs is dually innervated?

  • adrenal medulla
  • arrector pili muscles in the skin
  • urinary bladder
  • most blood vessels
A

-urinary bladder

27
Q

What is the role of ATP in muscle contraction and relaxation?

  • It is hydrolyzed from the myosin head to attach to actin.
  • It causes myosin head to detach from actin.
  • It powers the Ca2+ pumps to return Ca2+ to the SR.
  • All apply.
A

All apply

28
Q

The sodium-potassium pump functions to pump _____.

  • sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell.
  • sodium ions into the cell and potassium ions out of the cell.
  • sodium and potassium ions into the cell.
  • sodium and potassium ions out of the cell.
A

sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell

29
Q

What enzyme is needed to start the cross bridging process?

  • creatine phosphatase
  • kinase
  • myosin ATPase
  • Ca2+ATPase
A

myosin ATPase

30
Q

Which type of cell lines the ventricles of the brain and help produce cerebrospinal fluid?

  • microglia
  • satellite cells
  • ependymal cells
  • oligodendrocytes
A

ependymal cells

31
Q

What muscle structural and functional unit runs from Z disc to Z disc?

  • A band
  • I band
  • sarcomere
  • myofibril
A

sarcomere

32
Q

What is the function of acetylcholinesterase?

  • binds to nicotinic receptors
  • catalyzes resynthesis of ACh
  • blocks muscarinic receptors
  • catalyzes hydrolysis of ACh to remove it from the synaptic cleft
A

catalyzes hydrolysis of ACh to remove it from the synaptic cleft

33
Q

Which of the following is true of axons?

  • contain receptive areas
  • very thin and short
  • originates at the axon hillock on the cell body
  • transmits graded electrochemical impulses
A

originates at the axon hillock on the cell body

34
Q

An action potential arriving at the presynaptic terminal causes

  • sodium ions to diffuse into the cell.
  • sodium ions to diffuse out of the cell.
  • calcium ions to diffuse into the cell.
  • acetylcholine to diffuse into the cell.
A

calcium ions to diffuse into the cell

35
Q

Each somatic motor neuron with all the muscle fibers it innervates is a

  • fascicle.
  • varicosity.
  • motor unit.
  • sarcolemma.
A

motor unit

36
Q

What process is needed to return a membrane to its resting membrane potential with all ions in the correct locations?

  • after-hyperpolarization
  • all-or-none-law
  • Na+/K+ pump
  • refractory period
A

Na+/K+ pump

37
Q

A ligand is _________________________.

  • a small molecule that binds to the alpha subunit of the G-protein.
  • a small molecule that binds to a membrane-bound receptor.
  • a large molecule that binds to the alpha subunit of the G-protein.
  • a large molecule that binds to a membrane-bound receptor.
A

a small molecule that binds to a membrane-bound receptor.

38
Q

What is present at the axon hillock that allows the production of action potentials?

  • voltage-gated channels
  • ligand-gated channels
  • muscarinic receptors
  • chemical-gated channels
A

voltage-gated channels

39
Q

In the neuromuscular junction, acetylcholine

  • diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to acetylcholine receptors on the postsynaptic muscle fiber.
  • is actively transported across the synaptic cleft and binds to acetylcholine receptors on the postsynaptic muscle fiber.
  • diffuses across the synaptic cleft and causes calcium ions to diffuse into the postsynaptic muscle fiber.
  • diffuses across the synaptic cleft and causes sodium ions to diffuse out of the postsynaptic muscle fiber.
A

diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to acetylcholine receptors on the postsynaptic muscle fiber.

40
Q

Which molecule blocks the myosin head from binding to actin in a relaxed muscle?

  • tropomysin
  • troponin
  • calcium
  • titin
A

tropomysin

41
Q

The two major categories of motor neurons include:

  • autonomic and skeletal
  • skeletal and somatic
  • visceral and skeletal
  • somatic and autonomic
A

somatic and autonomic

42
Q

What type of neuron is found entirely in the CNS?

  • sensory neuron
  • interneuron
  • association neuron
  • Interneuron and association neuron are correct.
A

Interneuron and association neuron are correct

43
Q

An integrating center sends information to a(n)

  • sensor.
  • effector.
  • brain region.
  • neuron.
A

effector

44
Q

When a neurotransmitter binds to a nicotinic receptor, the ion channel opens and

  • only Na+ diffuses into the cell.
  • only K+ diffuses into the cell.
  • Na+ diffuses into and K+ diffuses out of the cell simultaneously.
  • both Na+ and K+ diffuse into the cell.
A

Na+ diffuses into and K+ diffuses out of the cell

45
Q

The pumps that actively transport calcium back into the _______ are called Ca2+ -ATPase pumps.

  • transverse tubules
  • sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • neuromuscular junction
  • none apply.
A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

46
Q

Which of the following molecules is NOT part of the thin filament?

  • actin
  • titin
  • troponin
  • tropomysin
A

titin

47
Q

Spatial summation

  • occurs when a single neuron releases neurotransmitter rapidly.
  • only involves excitatory postsynaptic potentials.
  • occurs because of the convergence of many neurons on a single postsynaptic cell.
  • only involves inhibitory postsynaptic potentials.
A

occurs because of the convergence of many neurons on a single postsynaptic cell.

48
Q

The Na+/K+ pump

  • is an example of primary active transport.
  • generates a positive membrane potential.
  • actively transports 2 potassium ions out of the cell.
  • actively transports 3 sodium ions into the cell.
A

is an example of primary active transport

49
Q

The prime mover of any skeletal movement is called the

  • flexor.
  • agonist.
  • abductor.
  • antagonist.
A

agonist.

50
Q

Depolarization occurs because

  • potassium ions continue to diffuse out of the cell after the inactivation gates of the voltage-gated sodium ion channels begin to close.
  • the extra efflux of potassium ions causes the membrane potential to become slightly more positive than the resting value.
  • the increased potassium ion permeability lasts slightly longer than the time required to bring the membrane potential back to its resting level.
  • more sodium ions diffuse into the cell than potassium ions diffuse out of it.
A

more sodium ions diffuse into the cell than potassium ions diffuse out of it.

BIOM*3200 MAMMALIAN PHYSIOLOGY (1 decks)

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