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Psychology NUTR 301 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is psychology about?

A

Science of behavior; why; defining the line between normal and abnormal

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2
Q

Brain is programmed for…

A

Survival

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3
Q

What is the difference between addiction and dependence?

A 
Dependence = missing it when not available
Addiction = physiological symptoms
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4
Q

Psychology vs psychiatry?

A

Psychiatry is about patients being danger for themselves or society (medical model)

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5
Q

Major forces among behavior (2)?

A

Genetics and environment

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6
Q

Name two types of psychology?

A

Popular psychology (self-help books, Dr. Phil..); physiological; behavioral; cognitive; psychodynamic; humanistic; socio-cultural; evolutionary

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7
Q

Name of the phenomenon from which we use numbers to describe what goes on?

A

Empirical basis

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8
Q

Questions answered by the Greeks?

A

Who are we?

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9
Q

Questions answered by christianity and church?

A

Everything comes from God

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10
Q

What is phrenology (1750)?

A

Psychology based on structure of skull

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11
Q

Who first did lab experiments on behavior?

A

Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)

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12
Q

What did Darwin bring to psychology?

A

Evolutionary perspectives: behavior adaptation

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13
Q

Name a few approaches during 20th c.?

A

Feud, Skinner, Humanism, Evolutionary, Physiological, Behavioral, MRI

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14
Q

Physiological/Biological approach: describe

A

Biological processes influence directly behavior. Everything is about brain chemistry and physiology. For example, depression is genetic vulnerability.

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15
Q

What is behavioral/learning approach?

A

“Only observable events can be scientifically studied”; all about conditioning and environment, we are mold from it; we learn by imitation; reinforcement and punishment

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16
Q

What is cognitive approach?

A

Behavior is a function of mental processes: PERCEPTIONS. It induces self-hurting, depression, self-concept thinking. It is all about information processing.
Jean Piaget worked with children.

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17
Q

Freudian or psychodynamic approach?

A

Iceberg model of personality: Conscious, preconscious (didnt mean to say that) and unconscious.
With preconscious, you have ego, which tempers Id (basal drives) with rationalization.
With Unconscious, you have Id and Superego, which is the parental authority, culture influences..

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18
Q

Describe stages within the id

A

1- oral (first 18 months): breastfeeding leads to eating issues
2- Anal (18m - 3y): Learn to go to toilet leads to hygienic and order issues
3- Phallic (3-6y): true sexual apparition, little girls found out missing penis.. issues with a “men world”
4- Latency (6y to puberty)
5- Genital (puberty)

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19
Q

Behavior with Freudian approach?

A

Gratification = need was met, fixation = no satisfied need : you go to what you are missing
Defense mechanisms are a rationalization of deception

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20
Q

Humanistic perspectives in short

A

Everybody is different: free will, unlimited potential. That explains self-concept and culpability (how you figure out yourself and how you just acted). Empathy is therapy, you are fundamentally good.
Maslow’s pyramid: physiological - safety - love + belongness + self esteem + self actualization (self-help books)

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21
Q

Socio-cultural psychology

A

About your origins and your culture: it explains why you act the way you do. Look for gender, lifestyle, sexual orientation, income level.
Acculturation phenomenon can be really stressful; leads to cross-culture country.
Depression is linked to poverty and unemployement.

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22
Q

Evolutionary perspectives

A

Inherited tendancies: our behavior is about our old middle age reflex and from our relatives that could reproduce (products of sexual/natural selection)

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23
Q

Why applicating a Sc. methods?

A

Assess claim and make a decision

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24
Q

What is an hypothesis?

A

A directional guess about outcomes

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25
Q

What is a theory?

A

May or may not hold truth, but still is a tested hypothesis

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26
Q

What is an operational definition?

A

A word put in context to confirm its meaning through a specific context. Eg.: intelligence

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27
Q

What is a case study?

A

A patient interviewed by psychologist(s); it is a profile, it can’t be generalized

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28
Q

What is an observational study?

A

Leads to generalization but needs many “lookers” to prevent error; it can be naturalistic or in laboratory
Issues: observer bias (many lookers; independent) and observer effect (acting in a non natural way)

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29
Q

How to do a survey?

A

RANDOM, 10 to 20% to be representative; open-ended questions can be an issue, use like scale

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30
Q

Two types of studies: longitudinal and cross-sectional

A

Longitudinal: same subjects over a period of time
Reliable but time and money; subject attrition
Ideal for babies (they change rapidly)

Cross-sectionnal: Sample from different ages
Unlikely to be reliable because assumptions are needed

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31
Q

What is a correlation?

A

Reliable tendancies; correlation coefficient

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32
Q

Experimental method

A

Looking for cause-effect; independent variable vs dependent variable; controlled group and normal group (placebo).
All about control

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33
Q

What is an experiment?

A

Investigation + ind/dependent variables + control + TREATMENT

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34
Q

What is a blind experience?

A

The subjects don’t know if they are placebo or not?

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35
Q

Double-blind is..?

A

Searchers + subjects don’t know which one attends to which group

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36
Q

What is a non-parametric data?

A

Non numeral data

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37
Q

What is the median?

A

Natural middle

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38
Q

What is the mean?

A

Average, not necessarly realistic

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39
Q

What is a standard deviation?

A

calculated from the spread of the scores: big deviation = big spread

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40
Q

Nervous system is about..

A

Control

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41
Q

Hippocrates’ theory

A

4 biles in balance in the body

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42
Q

Aristote’s

A

Brain + heart = cooling down the animal system

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43
Q

Renaissance is about..

A

DaVinci, Descartes and phenology

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44
Q

Modern Age brought us..

A

Microscope; reticular theory against neural doctrine

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45
Q

Neurological system in short

A

Neuro Sys = CNS (brain + spinal cord) + PNS (Somatic (voluntary) + Autonomic (Sympatic (lion) + Parasympathic (take it easy)))

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46
Q

Afferent stands for…

A

Sensory; to the brain

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47
Q

Interneurons are…

A

Neurons in between afferent and efferent (motor) neurons

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48
Q

What are cortical neurons?

A

In the brain

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49
Q

Glial cells in short

A

Glue (10:1 neuron)

Eg.: astrocyte + oligodendrocytes

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50
Q

Description of a neuron

A

In the action potential direction: dendrites (start) + cell core + axon hillock + axon + axon terminal (+ synapse)

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51
Q

Resting gradient in the membrane

A

-70 mV, induced by ions balance

52
Q

Excited gradient within the membrane

A

+50 mV

53
Q

How long is the refractory period?

A

4 ms

54
Q

How is the -70mV induced?

A

Na channels open: + enters the cytoplasm (+50)

Na channels close, K channels open, balance obtained again (-70mV)

55
Q

Opening and closing ions channels progresse down the lenght of the…

A

Axons!

56
Q

When the action potential reaches the axon terminals, it opens the…

A

Synaptic vesicles

57
Q

Synaptic vesicles release…

A

Neurotranmitters

58
Q

Where are neurotransmitters released?

A

In the synaptic cleft (tiny liquid-filled gaps)

59
Q

What is the lock and key image?

A

The specificity of the neurotransmitters and their respective receptors

60
Q

How are the neurotransmitters influencing the receiving neuron?

A

Indicates to fire or not

61
Q

How many types of neurotransmitters discovered yet?

A

Around 50

62
Q

Why do we call drugs “endogenous”?

A

Because drugs affect our neurons, which release neutransmitters, and those create effects

63
Q

Acetylcholine: its effects and its issues

A

Excitory or inhibitory effects; hey to learning and memorizing + muscular contraction
If Alzeihmer, probably low levels

64
Q

Norepinephrine…

A 
Is a neurotransmitter (excitation effect) and a hormone (fight or flight: sudden energy) 
If low levels: depression, bipolar, ADHD
Important for sleep and eating
Sudden increase: panic attack
SYNONYM of NORADRENALINE
65
Q

Serotonin…

A

Feel good chemical. Effects on mood and anxiety; targeted by Prozac; high levels = calm and serene; if too low, leads to depression, if too too high (ectasy, LSD), can be lethal
Linked to impulsivity, appetite: low = eating more, high = feel full
Linked to sudden infant death syndrome

66
Q

Dopamine…

A

Control of our brain arrousal: key is balance;

too much = schizophrenia (+hallucinations); too low = mental stasis

67
Q

Glutamate…

A

Pretty much like norepinephrine: excitatory + basic learnings and long-term memory

68
Q

Enkephalins/Endorphins

A

Modulate stress, pain and promote a serene calm, floaty

Linked to physical activity dependence

69
Q

In the forebrain, there are 5 major structures

A

Cerebral cortex, corpus callosum, thalamus (Canada post), lymbic system (emotional processing), basal ganglia (mvt and coordination)

70
Q

In the hindbrain, there are 5 major structures

A

Pons (link from spinal cord to forebrain), cerebellum (balance and coordination), medulla (basic body processes, reflex and spinal cord-forebrain), putuitary gland and reticular formation (attentional processes)

71
Q

Synonym of hindbrain?

A

Brain stem

72
Q

What is the role of medulla?

A

Basic body functions: heart rate, breathing, swallowing

73
Q

Reticular activating system…

A

Alarm (like a bip!): activates higher areas of the brain + filters out messages to not overwheilm the brain + sends messages to thalamus

74
Q

Pons…

A

Messages to motor cortex + sleep cycle + dreaming coma

75
Q

Cerebellum…

A

Coordination, balance, posture + low levels activity (walk, talk..) + self-recognition

76
Q

Thalamus…

A

Relay center, except for the smell

77
Q

Hypothalamus…

A

Homeostasis regarding: body’s temperature, eating, thirst, sex and emotional changes

78
Q

Lymbic system is composed of three major structures…

A

Parts of hypothalamus + amygdala + hippocampus

79
Q

What is amygdala?

A

Key emotions like anger and rage (quick survival answer) + recognition of voice tone
Damage = no fear
Extra dvlped = unrational

80
Q

Hippocampus..

A

Sea-horse shaped structure; short term memory + formation of long term memory; dampens excitation; key to mental maps and spacial memory

81
Q

The cerebral cortex is composed of three types of structures…

A

Lobes, cortex and areas

82
Q

How many lobes and which are they?

A

Frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital

83
Q

Frontal lobe is:

A

Memories; plans; conception of time; rationality; personality; civility; moral; consequences; high level thoughs

84
Q

Parietal lobe is …

A

Interpretation center for sensory data; chasmiatic and up/down

85
Q

Occipital lobe is:

A

Interpretation of what we see, compared to past

86
Q

Temporal lobe is…

A

Interpreting sounds

87
Q

There are 4 + 1 cortex which are…

A

Visual, somatosensory, motor, auditory + cerebral

88
Q

Where is the auditory cortex?

A

In the middle of the brain, in the temporal lobe

89
Q

Where is the primary visual cortex?

A

At the lower back of the brain, in the occipital lobe

90
Q

There are two areas, what are they and where are they?

A

Broca’s area, near the frontal lobe (speech and articulation) + Wernicke’s area (understanding of spoken words; 95% in the left hemisphere)

91
Q

What is cerebrum?

A

Two cerebral cortex separated by the corpus callosum

92
Q

How thick are the cerebral cortex?

A

1/2 cm

93
Q

What cerebral cortex stands for?

A

Judgements; higher thoughts

94
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

A communication system: glands manufacture hormones carried in the bloodstream

95
Q

6 structures in the endocrine system

A

pituitary, thyroid, pineal, adrenal, pancreas, gonades

96
Q

Roles of pituitary (base of brain)

A

Foreman, master gland; activates other glands; body growth

97
Q

Roles of thyroid (throat)

A

Secrete thyroxines for food metabolism

98
Q

Pineal (brain)

A

Sleep via melathonine

99
Q

Adrenal (kidney)

A

Turned on by the pituitary; stress response (norepinephrine); sympathic NS; muscles dvlpt

100
Q

Pancreas

A

Insuline and glucagon

101
Q

Gonads

A

Oestrogen + progesterone = menstrual cycle, gestation and puberty
Testosterone = sperm, sexual differentiation, puberty

102
Q

PMS is influenced by..?

A

Hormone sensitivity, serotonine sensitivity

103
Q

Evolutionary force of men

A

Aggressive, hunter, less communication between both hemispheres

104
Q

Women’s forces

A

Using more the larger corpus callosum; more aware of the environment

105
Q

How do we partially explain evolutionary differences between men and women?

A

Differentiated reinforcement

106
Q

Brain plasticity is optimal…

A

under 13 years old; female

107
Q

Why is the X chromosome bigger?

A

Codes for gestation

108
Q

Genotype stands for…

A

What you are

109
Q

Phenotype stands for…

A

What you see

110
Q

What is the light-switch model?

A

Environment turns genes on

Exemple: twins, adoption

111
Q

Polygenic inheritance

A

Not all genes are expressed or not at all.. think of black and white parents giving birth to a chocolate kid

112
Q

What is an antagonist?

A

Blocker of receptors

113
Q

Agonist is…

A

Enhance NT influence

Eg.: caffeine blocks re-uptake of glutamate (more alert)

114
Q

Cocaine affects..

A

Dopamine levels

115
Q

Human orgasm is…

A

Dopamine rush

116
Q

Left hemisphere is for…

A

Verbal, speech, language, mathematics and logics

117
Q

Right hemisphere…

A

Gestures, non-verbal, face recognition, arts, special abilities

118
Q

Split brain research linked to which disease..?

A

Severe epilepsy

119
Q

Handedness

A

No clear cause; 4% left-handed; 1/5 identical twins differs; chances: 1/50, 1/6, 1/2; likely set before birth, forced change for hard left-handed leads for stuttering

120
Q

EEG

A

Brain waves.. for sleep

121
Q

Computed tomography scan

A

3D x rays of the brain, looking for abnormalities

122
Q

Pet scan

A

Positron emission tomography scan: injects radioactive isotopes to tracking use of energy

123
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging

A

Influence of radio waves over atoms

124
Q

Functional MRI

A

Brain in action

125
Q

Soma stands for

A

Core of a neuron, or every cell except sexual ones

126
Q

Myelin

A

Sheath around the axon of a neuron (between Ranver’s nodes)

Psychology NUTR 301 (1 decks)

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