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Microbiology LSCI 230 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Who first did microscopic description? (1665)

A

Robert Hooke

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2
Q

Who first did microscopic organisms description? (1684)

A

Anthony Van Leeuwenhoek

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3
Q

Who criticized spontaneous generation (end of 19th c.)?

A

Francesco Redi; Lazzarro Spallanzani

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4
Q

What did Pasteur?

A

Provided evidence against spontaneous generation (classic experiment of 1861); vaccines

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5
Q

Who is the father of microbiology?

A

Leeuwnhoek

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6
Q

1847 and 1867: what did Semelweis and Lister can be proud of?

A

Reduction of spread of disease (hand washing + phenol)

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7
Q

1884: Robert Koch?

A

Discover of microorganisms : anthrax and tuberculosis are due to microorganisms

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8
Q

Microorganisms in size order

A

Viroids (100 nm); bacteria/archea (2 um); eukaryotes (2-100 um)

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9
Q

Nuclear membrane of micro?

A

Bacteria and Archea = no, Eukaryotes = Yes, Viroids = capsid made of capsomeres

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10
Q

Nucleolus in microo?

A

Not in Bacteria nor Archea nor Viroids, but rDNA in Eukaryotes

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11
Q

How many years of evolution for microo?

A

4 billions!

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12
Q

Four roles of microo in the environment?

A

recycling nutrients; detoxifying by metabolism; source of food; genetic diversity provides drugs/antibiotics

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13
Q

Properties of all cells (3)

A

Compartmentalization; growth and evolution

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14
Q

Properties of some cells (3)

A

Motility, differentiation, communication

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15
Q

General functions of cells

A

Genetic + Catalytic = Growth

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16
Q

What sets the size of cell?

A

S/V ratio : if too big; can still grow; if too small; not enough surface to interact with the environment regarding intern processes

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17
Q

What is the main difference regarding structure of pro vs eukaryotes?

A

Nuclear membrane

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18
Q

What are the roles of a membrane (3)?

A

Selective permeability, protein anchor + energy (pmf)

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19
Q

Name types of membrane proteins (4)?

A

Sensors, adhesins, transporters, enzymes

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20
Q

The membrane of bacteria and eukaryotes?

A

Phospholipid bilayer composed of glycerol, fatty acids (2) and a phosphorous group

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21
Q

What is the main difference between eukaryotes and archea membrane?

A

Archea one is composed of isoprene instead of fatty acids, has ether bonds instead of ester (except when it is in water) and can be monolayer in hostile environment

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22
Q

Stabilization of the membrane?

A

In eukaryotes = sterols (chol for animal, ergo for fungi and stigma for plants and protozoans); in prokaryotes = hopanoids (1 more ring)

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23
Q

Storage of DNA

A

Pros: circular, ds, haploid, paccked with Histone-like prot to form nucleoid, no compartment, may contain plasmids (extra additions of DNA)
Euk: linear, ds, diploid, packed with histone to form chromatin fibers, in the nucleus

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24
Q

What is protein pathway from DNA?

A

DNA polymerase (copy); RNA polymerase (transcription); ribosome (translation)

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25
Q

Describe ribosome

A

Made of 2 subunits :
30S + 50S = 70S, bound to cytomembrane or free in Pros
40S +60S = 80S, bound to ER or free in Euk

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26
Q

Cell walls in Euk is composed of..?

A

Polysaccharides! Cellulose for plants, chitin for fungi, may also be of galactose or mannose..

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27
Q

Nucleus of Euk is composed of 2 types of chromatin which are..?

A

Euchromatin: loosely packed, actively transcribed; or heterochromatin: densely packed, low level of transcription

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28
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum of Euk: two types

A

System of membrous channels : Rough is for ribosomes, while smooth is for synthesis of lipids

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29
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum synthesis of proteins: describe pathway (6)

A
  1. mRNA leaves nucleus and attaches to ribo = prot synthesis started (signal)
  2. Signal recognition particules bind to signal (on prot)
  3. SRPs bind to RER so then prot enters RER
  4. Signal peptidase
  5. Ribosome + mRNA break away (poly peptide is done)
  6. Final preparation of polypeptide before Golgi complex
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30
Q

What is the Golgi complex?

A

Further processing of proteins, vehiculed in vesicles

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31
Q

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

A

Mito: produces ATP, some protozoa do not have it, pourous outer membrane, inner is 75% prot, 25% lipids (not permeable at all!), matrix contains enzymes, DNA and ribosomes 70S (an eaten pro)
Chloro: Inner membrane is made of transport proteins, thylakoids are a closed system of sacks and tubules, while stroma contains circular DNA, 70s ribosomes and enzymes of Calvin cycle.
Both organelles make most of their prot, but some imported

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32
Q

Thylakoids in details

A

Contains pigments and enzymes that harvest light - ATPases are bound to membrane

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33
Q

Eukaryotic skeleton has three types of filaments

A

Microtubules (formed out of a and b-tubulin subunits); actin; intermediate filaments (keratin, desmin, vimentin)

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34
Q

Microtubules in details

A

Highways to travel among the cell : kinesin and dynein are attached to vesicles and walk on microtubules (driven by ATP breakdown)

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35
Q

What are centrioles and basal bodies?

A

Organizing centers for microtubules : 9 sets of a complete microtubule + 2 halves, no center

Basal bodies are centrioles that have migrated to membrane (their own microtubules are flagella or cillia) : 9 sets of 1 microtubule and 1 half + 2 centers

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36
Q

Are cillia and flagella covered by plasma membrane in euk?

A

Yes

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37
Q

Cell walls of bacteria: 2 types

A

Cell walls allow structure by withstanding osmotic pressure
Gram + : Large peptidoglycan layer that binds crystal violet (purple)
Gram - : thin peptoglycan + outer membrane (loose crystal violet, only keep counterstain (pink))

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38
Q

What is peptoglycan layer?

A

Short polypeptide side chain containing D-aminoacids (NAM and DAP have never been found in Archea or Euk)
2 sugars: NAG and NAM
Lysosomes target the glycosidic bond
This membrane is solid due to transpeptidation (solid cross linking stabilization: in +, it is interbridge)
Penicillin inhibits transpeptidation

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39
Q

Gram + cell wall

A

90% peptidoglycan: 10% is teichoic or lipoteichoic acid and wall-associated proteins attached by sortase

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40
Q

Cell walls of Gram -

A

Cell wall = outer membrane (lipopolysaccharides + phospho in the outer, phospho in the inner side) + peptido (5%), periplasm = space between cyto and outer (contains a lot of prot = protein gel)
LPS layer protects the bacteria against outside
Outer membrane contains porins and lipoproteins

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41
Q

LPS in details

A

From the outside : O-specific prot (for family, 2-5 monosaccharides) - core polysaccharide -(KDO) lipid A (6 lipid tails)
Lipid A has a major role in pathogenesis of bacteria

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42
Q

Cell wall of Archea

A

No peptido, no outer membrane; diverse and may contain prot/polysacc/glycoprot (pseudopeptidoglycan: different but similar, no D aa) and no glycosidic bond (lysosymes cant target it, b1-3)
Paracrystalline surface layers (S-layers may also be found in the out side of bacteria + or -)

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43
Q

One another type of layers : capsule

A

Capsule and slime = polysaccharides layer on Archea or Bacteria (xtra defence against host defence system)
Hetero or homo (only few gram-), covalently bond to the external layer

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44
Q

Surface appendages of prokaryotes

A

Fimbriae and Flagella

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45
Q

Three types of flagella

A

Monotrichous, peritrichous and lophotrichous

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46
Q

Physics of flagellum with Pros

A

Embated into cyto membrane + cell wall; mot proteins create a pmf in the periplasm (as a rotor: electricity); as much rings as layers, so Gram - have C for cytoplasm, Ms for membrane superficial, P for peptidoglycan and L for LPS layer.

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47
Q

Flagellum biosynthesis of Bacteria

A

Build the base and put a cap. Then build from the top with a channel

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48
Q

3 ways to move with a flagellum

A

CCW is a direction, CW is a stoping; CCW is a direction, CW is another (reversible); CCW is a direction, the cell stops, reorients, and starts again (unidirectional)

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49
Q

Flagellum structure of Archea

A

Grows from the base (pushing the top out)

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50
Q

Description of the actual mvt

A

Goes from a physical/chemical gradient to another: light, nutrient, oxygen.. random vs directed mvt

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51
Q

Frimbriae of Bacteria

A

About 4 um long; principally for attachment to surfaces

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52
Q

Gram - fimbriae

A

Attached to the outer membrane; grow from the base with to prot: chaperone and usher; stand exchange; adhesion with subunits or specialized subunits

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53
Q

Gram + fimbriae

A

Surface adhesins (only one prot); by sortases, attached to peptidoglycan (covalent)

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54
Q

Endospore

A

Dormant stage for bacteria: exosporium (proteins), spore coat (spore-specific proteins), core wall (cytoplasm, Ca2+, DPA: they both capt water to rehydrate when time comes, SASPs), cortex (proteins needed for germination) and DNA

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55
Q

Formation of endospore

A

Asymetric cell division; prespore and septum (separation); cortex, cell wall; coat; when fully mature, cell die

56
Q

What are cell inclusions?

A

Reserves, but not organelles (maybe one layer) for nutrients and magnetosomes

57
Q

What does drive flagella of Euk.?

A

ATP

58
Q

Viruses, what are they?

A

Obligate intracellular parasites that affect one type of host; can’t replicate itself, but can be killed..

59
Q

What is a virion?

A

Outside-of-a-host viruses

60
Q

Physics of a virus?

A

Nucleic acid (one type: RNA or DNA) + capsid of proteins (made of capsomeres) + envelope (lipids); can be ss or ds

61
Q

What is a complex virus?

A

Around 100 proteins

62
Q

Types of viruses?

A

Helical, polyhedral, complex virus (attack bacteria)

63
Q

What is a viroid?

A

Closed circles of ss RNA (240-380 nucleotides); replication depends on host machinery

64
Q

What are prions?

A

One single protein

65
Q

How do prions act?

A

Prions can’t replicate; they induce misfolding of other prot

66
Q

What are the two components of life that are difficult to metabolize?

A

Carbon and energy: lots of transfo

67
Q

What is anabolism?

A

Use of energy and reducers to oxidyze

68
Q

What is catabolism?

A

Use of precursors to produce energy and oxidizers to be reduced

69
Q

What is an electron donor?

A

A reducer

70
Q

What is an electron carrier?

A

Can easily be reduced or oxidized

71
Q

The basic metabolic pathways

A

Glycolysis, penthose phosphate pathway and TCA cycle

72
Q

Glycolysis in short

A 
One glucose = 2 pyruvate
2 ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation), 2 NADH
73
Q

What is substrate-level phosphorylation?

A

The synthesis of energy-rich phosphate
bonds through reaction of inorganic phosphate with an activated
organic substrate.

74
Q

What is oxydative phosphorylation?

A

Formation of ATP via ETC

75
Q

TCA cycle in short

A

Pyruvate is oxidized to CO2 and water (gives 2 electrons) via pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and Acetyl-CoA
One net turn: 2+1 CO2, 1 GTP (ATP), 3 + 1 NADH, 1 FADH2

76
Q

Can other compounds then pyruvate undergo TCA cycle?

A

Yes

77
Q

Aerobic respiration vs anaerobic respiration?

A

Oxygen is used as a final acceptor

78
Q

Name an hydrogen carrier?

A

FMN

79
Q

What if there is no FMN?

A

When H and its electrons are accepted in a complex with no FMN, only the electrons continue, proton is used to produce pmf

80
Q

What is the final step of aerobic respiration?

A

Two protons and two electrons from the inner space are used to reduce oxygen to water

81
Q

What does influence ATP production?

A

Environmental conditions, like pH (no pmf if no gradient..)

82
Q

How many protons for 1 ATP?

A

3 to 4

83
Q

Glycolysis + TCA cycle = how many ATP?

A

38

84
Q

When does fermentation occur?

A

When there is no final acceptor.. TCA stops (succinate cannot be oxidized). Only glycolysis

85
Q

Fermentation in short

A

Electron donor is organic compound; final electron acceptor is a organic product

86
Q

Net yield of ATP throught fermentation?

A

2 ATP/glu

87
Q

What is the penthose phosphate pathway?

A

It leads to many sugars; it produces reducing power

88
Q

Most cells can convert NADH to…

A

NADPH

89
Q

Net yield of penthose pathway?

A

2 NADPH + CO2 + sugar

90
Q

In Euk, where are the enzymes of TCA, of glycolysis and fermentation?

A

TCA and respiratory: mitochondria membrane

Glycolysis and fermentation: cytoplasm

91
Q

In Pros, where are the enzymes of TCA, of glycolysis?

A

Respiratory chain in cyto membrane; the rest in cytoplasm

92
Q

3 types of transport

A

Passive, facilitated (down a gradient), active (against a gradient - ATP)

93
Q

Transport vs Simple diffusion?

A

Biosynthesis of transport system is controlled; can be saturated

94
Q

When is active transport the most used pathway?

A

Unicellular, for nutrients

95
Q

In multicellular organisms, which tranport type and why?

A

Facilitated diffusion from blood or plasma

96
Q

Types of transporters?

A

Uniporter, antiporter (one’s out to let one in), symporter (two needed to enter)

97
Q

When there is no oxygen, how to create a pmf?

A

ATPases are inverted

98
Q

Why inverting ATPases?

A

To produce a pmf that will produce a Na+ gradient

99
Q

ABC transporters:

A

Made of a transporter, a ATP-hydrolyzing prot ans a specific receptor.
Gram -: free in the periplasm
Gram +: anchored to the cyto membrane

100
Q

What is group translocation?

A

Use of a chain to finally have a compound that can activate the transporter

101
Q

Type of ATPase and efficiency

A

Euk: 1 H+/ATP, P-type
Pros: 3 H+/ATP, F-type

102
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

Use of vesicles (in Euk)

103
Q

About oxygen requirements: three types of microo?

A

Aerobes, anaerobes and facultative aerobes

104
Q

About sources of energy, electrons and carbon types of microo?

A

Energy: chemicals or light
Electrons: organic or not
Carbon: organic or not

105
Q

What is a chemoorganotroph?

A

Needs organic chemicals as energy

106
Q

What is chemolitotroph?

A

Needs inorganic chemicals as for energy

107
Q

What is a phototroph?

A

Needs light for energy

108
Q

Heterotroph stands for..?

A

Organic chemicals needed

109
Q

Autotrophs stands for..?

A

Inorganic chemicals needed

110
Q

Anaerobic respiration vs fermentation?

A

Anaerobic respiration means ETC with other final acceptors

111
Q

What is a denitrifying bacteria?

A

Chemoheterotroph that produces gas from nitrogen source

112
Q

In phototroph, light energy is used to produce..?

A

Pmf, which will be used in Calvin Cycle to produce sugar

113
Q

Phototrophs can be oxygenic and..?

A

Anoxygenic

114
Q

Light is harvested by..?

A

Pigments (color = differentiation of nm)

115
Q

Pigment diversity has ecological significance because..?

A

Bacteria on top absorb lenghts that the ones below don’t

116
Q

Reaction center

A

In the choroplast: flower shape; light harvesting peripheral pigments + rc pigments: P680/700/840

117
Q

What is the role of carotenoids?

A

Pigments that protect others against toxic oxydation

118
Q

What is the role of phycobilins?

A

They harvest different wavelenghts than the others

119
Q

Describe a chloroplast

A

Double membrane; stroma (cytoplasm); thylakoids and their membrane

120
Q

How can we explane the pmf provided by the thylakoid membrane?

A

The stroma is alkaline and negative while the intrathylakoid space is acid and positive

121
Q

4 sites of photosynthesis for pros

A

cyto membrane: heliobacteria; intracyto membranes: purple bacteria; thylakoid membrane: cyanobacteria; chlorosome (green non/sulfur bacteria)

122
Q

Which of the 4 types of site for photosynthesis in Pros is the best for low density of light?

A

Chlorosome

123
Q

How to produce anoxygenic photosynthesis with purple bacteria?

A

1- Cyt get electrons from a donor (sulfur or succinate)
2- Pigments P870, receiving electrons, are excited by light
3- ETC (pmf) to produce ATP and NADH

124
Q

What is the issue with purple bacteria and NAD reducing?

A

P870* is not enough, so NAD enters the ETC Complex 1, which uses pmf to reduce it (less ATP produced, very low yield, reverse utilization)

125
Q

With green bacteria, we do anoxygenic photosynthesis

A

Cyclic photophosphorylation with P840; no need for electron donor to produce ATP (use sulfur products), but use ferredoxin to reduce NAD

126
Q

What is oxygenic photosynthesis?

A

Produces pmf with PS11 (P680) and Reducing power with PS1 (P700): Non cyclic (only cyclic if NADH is sufficient: no NADH produced)

127
Q

What produces pmf among oxygenic photosynthesis?

A

Quinones

128
Q

Anoxygenic photosynthesis with sulfide

A

Cyclic; only PS1 (P700)

129
Q

What is a chemoautotroph?

A

Uses inorganic compounds

130
Q

What are nitrifying bacteria?

A

They use inorganic nitrogen compounds to produce nitrate. Oxygenic.
Very low yield because reverse electron flow is used to produce ATP.

131
Q

What are sulfur bacteria?

A

Chemoautotroph using sulfur compounds to produce pmf and sulfuric acid. NADH is produced with reverse electron flow. Oxygenic.

132
Q

What are methanogens?

A

Bacteria producing methan; anaerobes

133
Q

What is a methanotroph?

A

Uses the by-products of methanogens to produce energy. Oxygenic.

134
Q

What is the Calvin cycle?

A

The reverse ETC cycle that produces sugar from energy of light. Euk enzymes are found in the stroma while Pros enzymes are found in the cytoplasm

135
Q

What is the total Calvin cycle yield?

A

6 CO2 + 12 NADPH + 18 ATP = 1 sugar + 12 NADP + 18 ADP + 17 Pi

Microbiology LSCI 230 (1 decks)

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