Midterm 1 Flashcards
Cues
Info passively left in the environment.
Info passively left in the environment.
Cues
Signals
Info intentionally sent by one animal to another.
Info intentionally sent by one animal to another.
Signals
How signals evolve.
Cues that have been shaped by natural selection to contain more information (or more precise information). Often leads to increased sensitivity in the receiver as well.
The most common method for determining the meaning of a signal.
Determine the context and response of the receiver.
(T/F) Signals can have only a single meaning.
False; often the same signal meaning different things to different castes.
The two categories of honey bee signals.
Chemical (pheromones) and mechanical.
Examples of honey bee chemical signals.
Fertility, alarm, flower visitation, colony membership, mate attraction.
Examples of honey bee mechanical signals.
Dances, other shaking, buzzing, vibrating type signals.
The two kinds of signals produced by foragers.
Info about food sources, coordination of activities.
How the waggle dance conveys the location/quality of a food source.
The run indicates distance, the angle relative to vertical indicates the angle relative to the sun, more dances = better food source.
The two methods used by von Frisch to determine the meaning of the waggle dance.
Trained bees to feeders, marked bees at feeder, observed dances as bees returned.
(1) Distance experimental design; runs longer as distance greater.
(2) Direction experiment design; as direction changes, so does angle of run; angle changes throughout the day (tracks the sun).
Bee vision relative to humans.
Cannot see red, but do see UV.
The waggle dance is sent via ____.
Sounds, motion, smell, and substrate vibrations.
What bees are the receivers of the waggle dance signals?
Only the bee directly behind the waggler.
How bees judge distance.
Optical flow
Bees radiated along with ______.
Flowering plants.
How bees have evolved to be the major insect pollinators.
Hairy bodies adapted to moving pollen, specialists on using pollen as a protein source.
The Hymenoptera with singers.
Aculeates.
Aculeates.
The Hymenoptera with singers.
The stinger is a modified ______.
Ovipositor
Basics of Halictidae
Sweat bees; very common, often small and metallic; highly diverse, solitary ground nesters, parasites, primitively social.
Commercial Halictids.
Alkali bee; used for pollination of alfalfa mainly in PNW.
Can build up huge permanent populations that provide all pollination services, but takes time to build up, can be wiped out by diseases/pests, and needs particular soil type and ecological habitat.
