Midterm 1

Question 1

Skinner

Answer 1

Behaviorism Theory
Reinforcements and Punishments

Question 2

Bandura

Answer 2

Social Cognitive Theory
Interaction between behaviors, personal factors, environment

Question 3

Vygotsky

Answer 3

Sociocultural cognitive theory
Culture and social interaction guide cognitive development

Question 4

Piaget

Answer 4

Cognitive constructivism
Children navigate specific stages as they construct their understanding of the world

Question 5

Erikson

Answer 5

Psychosocial theory
development is socially motivated
8 different developmental crises

Question 6

Ainsworth and Bowlby

Answer 6

Attachment theory

Question 7

Bioecological Theory

Answer 7

interaction between humans and the environment
different systems (microsystem, mesosystem, etc)

Question 8

Family stress theory

Answer 8

based on the ABC-X model

Question 9

Family systems theory

Answer 9

family is a unit of interacting personalities, a living and growing super personality

Question 10

Symbolic interactionism

Answer 10

Individuals are influenced by society
Children learn the rules and values of society through their everyday interactions with culture
People will react to something according to the meaning that the thing has for them

Question 11

Social exchange theory

Answer 11

individuals are motivated by self-interest
we seek rewards and avoid punishments/costs

Question 12

Why do we choose to become parents?

Answer 12

love and closeness
excitement of child’s growth
self-growth
society expectations
moral or religious expectations
increase sense of security

Question 13

Reasons for not having children

Answer 13

restrictions
concerns about the child being poorly cared for
negative feelings towards children

Question 14

Parenthood as a process

Answer 14

interaction between parent, child and society

Question 15

Proof that parents play a key role in their child’s development

Answer 15

early secure attachment contributes to self-regulation and ability to form friendships in preschool

Question 16

Areas/skills that are benefitted by being a parent

Answer 16

observational skills
efficiency
resiliency
motivation
social skills

Question 17

two cultural models

Answer 17

independent/individualistic
interdependent/collectivist

Question 18

Ways socialization happens

Answer 18

cultural habitation
social interactions
emotional enculturation
cognitive enculturation

Question 19

rituals

Answer 19

repeated patterns for behavior that have symbolic meaning for the family

Question 20

cultural influences in the US

Answer 20

race
ethnicity
social status -most important
religion

Question 21

Ways parents can reduce discrimination

Answer 21

Increase the number of cross-group interactions
increase conversations at home about group differences and fairness
attend to children’s cognitive, social and moral reasoning
provide info about differences among groups to promote understanding of the history, values and culture

Question 22

differences in language heard depending on SES

Answer 22

how many words are spoken
emotional tone
prohibitions

Question 23

Approaches to relationships

Answer 23

insecure avoidant
insecure anxious
insecure disorganized disoriented

Question 24

why have parenting approaches remained fairly constant

Answer 24

parents goal to protect and rear children to maturity
a child’s extended state of dependency

Question 25

Term surrounding what we learn from science

Answer 25

temperament executive functioning

Question 26

Gottman's four styles of parenting

Answer 26

dismissing disapproving laissez-faire emotion coach

Question 27

qualities needed to be ready to parent

Answer 27

parent self esteem capacity for positive, mutually satisfying relationships with others capacity for flexible problem-solving

Question 28

how many pregnancies are unintended

Answer 28

1/2

Question 29

Percentage of intended pregnancies by group

Answer 29

79% married 54% cohabiting 39% not married not cohabiting

Question 30

Infertility rate

Answer 30

10-15%

Question 31

Milestones of prenatal development

Answer 31

brain and heart - 3 weeks all major organs - 8 weeks sleep/wake cycle - second trimester weight gain & final preps for birth - third tri

Question 32

first act of parenting

Answer 32

to live a healthy lifestyle

Question 33

5 step model

Answer 33

1. swaddling 2. side/stomach position when holding 3. providing a "shh" sound to imitate the womb 4. swinging or rhythmic motion 5. sucking

Question 34

myelination

Answer 34

3 months = voluntary behavior replacing reflexes 8 months = ability to sit, crawl, walk, and increased attention

Question 35

How do parents foster attachment

Answer 35

sensitivity mutuality synchronicity positive attitude

Question 36

colic

Answer 36

when a healthy baby cries for more than 3 hours a day more than 3 days a week for more than 3 weeks

Question 37

actions to promote self-regulation

Answer 37

modeling consistent daily routines preventative actions conversations about rules

Question 38

what types of emotions appear during early childhood

Answer 38

self-regulation

Question 39

global performance

Answer 39

success and failure reflect their value as a person

Question 40

specific learning orientation

Answer 40

success/failure represents a single action that either did or did not succeed

Question 41

scaffolding

Answer 41

the process that enables a child to solve a task or achieve a goal that would be beyond their unassisted efforts

Question 42

two specific strategies for effective communication

Answer 42

active listening i messages

Question 43

types of abuse

Answer 43

physical sexual neglect emotional abuse

Question 44

type of care

Answer 44

relative nonrelative family day care nonrelative center day care after school programs self-care