Midterm 1 Flashcards
What are the life stages in human development?
- prenatal
- infancy and toddlerhood
- early childhood
- middle childhood
- adolescene
- early adulthood
- middle adulthood
- late adulthood
- death
What are continuity and discontinuity?
The extent to which development involves gradual, cumulative change or distinct stages.
What is nature vs nurture?
Is development primarily influenced by biology or environment?
To what extent do you think our development is shaped by nature v. nurture?
think to self
Why use a life-span perspective?
Views development as:
-Lifelong
-Multidimensional
-Multidirectional
-Plastic
-Contextual
-Multidisciplinary
What are 3 key developmental themes?
- nature vs nurture
- stability and change
- continuity and discontinuity
What 3 processes are involved in developmental changes?
- biological processes
- cognitive processes
- socioemotional processes
What are 5 main theories of development?
- psychoanalystic theories
- behaviorist and social learning theories
- cognitive theories
- contextual theories
- ethology and developmental theory
What is Freuds psychosexual theory?
Adult personality is determined by how conflicts at each stage—between sources of pleasure and the demands of reality—are resolved
Unresolved conflict leads to problems
What is Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory?
Motivation for behavior is social in nature.
Personality and developmental change occurs throughout the life span.
Both early and later experiences are important.
Describe Trust vs Mistrust
- Infancy (0-1.5 years)
- baby develops trust or mistrust depddnding on how they’re treated
Describe Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
-Toddlerhood (1.5-3 years)
- kid starts to help themselves
- shapes how confident they are in themselves
- need to be given a chance to explore
Describe Pavlovs classical conditioning
Associations created between environmental stimuli and physiological responses
Describe Skinner operant conditioning
Development consists of the pattern of behavioral changes brought about by rewards and punishments.
Describe Banduras Social Learning Theory
Physical and social environments influence our behavior.
Observational learning: People learn through observing and imitating others.
Reciprocal determinism: Individuals and the environment interact and influence each other.
Describe Piagets Cognitive-Developmental Theory
Two processes underlie a child’s cognitive construction of the world
1. Organization
2. Adaptation
What are 2 parts of adaption. Describe them.
- Assimilation - Process of taking new information from the environment and fitting it into pre-existing cognitive schemas
- Accommodation - Process of taking new information from the environment and altering one’s pre-existing schemas to fit in the new information
What are Piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development?
- sensorimotor
- pre-operational
- concrete operational
- formal operational
What is information processing theory?
The mind works in ways similar to a computer
Both have the ability to process information
Permits scientists to make specific
predictions about behavior
What is the zone of proximal development?
someone needs to be challenged just enough over time to develop best
Descrive Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
Emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide and are inseparable from cognitive development
Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Systems Theory
microsystem –> mesosystem –> exosystem –> macrosystem
- most accepted theory .. know differences
Ethology and Evolutionary Developmental Theory
Ethology: The scientific study of the evolutionary basis of behavior.
Humans display preprogrammed biological behaviors that promote development.
Evolutionary developmental theory: Applies principles of evolution and scientific knowledge about the interactive influence of genetic and environmental mechanisms to understand the changes people undergo throughout their lives.
Genetic factors interact with the physical/social environment to influence development.
what is a sensitive period according to John Bowlby?
time during infancy when attachment should occur to promote optimal development of social relationships
what is a critical period according to Konrad Lorenz
Imprinting needs to occur at a certain, very early time in life
What is positive and secure attachment?
develop optimally in child and adulthood
what is negative and insecure attachment?
development will not be optimal
What are the 3 stages of Prenatal Development and what weeks do they occur?
- Germinal Period (0-2 weeks)
- The Embryonic Period (3 to 8 weeks)
- The Fetal Period (9 weeks to birth)
Describe the Germinal Period
- creation of the zygote
- continued cell division
- attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall
Describe the Embryonic Period
- Mass of cells now call an embryo
- Higher rate of cell differentiation
- Life support systems form (amnion, placenta, and umbilical cord)
- All major organs from
- Neural Tube: basis of CNS
What are the embryo life support systems? Define them.
- Amnion: a sac that contains a clear fluid in which the embryo floats
- Placenta: a disk-shaped group of tissues in which small blood vessels from the pregnant person and the fetus intertwine but do not join
- Umbilical Cord: contains two arteries and one vien and connects the baby to the placenta
Describe the Fetal Period.
- organ growth and complexity
- hormones play role in differentiation
- fetus becomes active
- accumulation of body fat
What is the age of viability?
22 weeks
What trimester do germinal and embryonic period occur in?
1st
What trimester does the fetal period occur in?
end of 1st, 2nd, 3rd
What do the severity of damage and type of defect due to teratogens depend on?
- dose
- individual differences
- time of exposure
What are the types of teratogens?
Prescription and nonprescription drugs
Viruses
Environmental hazards
What are parental factors that affect babys development?
- Diet and nutrition
- Diseases during pregnancy
- Sperm abnormalities
- Age (under 18 or over 35)
Prenatal care
Varies enormously but typically includes screening for manageable conditions and treatable diseases.
Programs include educational, social, and nutritional services.
How many stages of birth are there?
3
first stage of birth
Uterine contractions are 10 to 15 minutes apart and last up to 1 minute.
This is the longest stage, 8 to 14 hours
second stage of birth
the babys head starts to move through the cervix and birth canal
this takes 30-90 minutes and ends when the baby completely emerges from the body
third stage of birth
Afterbirth
When the placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes are detached and expelled
Lasts about 5-15 minutes
Reasons for delayed prenatal care
racial disparities
midwife
provide health care during pregnancy, birth, and the postpartum period
doula
a caregiver who provides continuous physical, emotional, and educational support before, during, and after childbirth
home vs hospital
In the United States, 98.5% of births take place in hospitals
1.5% are at home
3 childbirth methods
medication
natural
c-section
what is an APGAR scale
a method for assessing the health of newborns at one and five minutes after birth
- Infant’s heart rate
- Respiratory effort
- Muscle tone
- Body color
- Reflex irritability
low birth weight
infants weigh less than 5 pounds 8 ounces
very low birth weight
less than 3 pounds 8 ounces
extremely low birth weight
less than 1 pound 10 ounces
preterm infants
are born before the full term is completed—35 or fewer weeks after conception
small for date infants
infants with birth weights below normal (<10% percentile) considering the length of pregnancy
may be full term or preterm
risks of low apgar score? **
with long-term educational support, ADHD, and developmental risks
massage therapy on newborns linked to … ?
Massage therapy has been linked to increased infant weight, reduced stress, and a reduced hospital stay.
medical model of disability
The medical model describes the diagnostic and treatment process for disabling conditions
based the judgement and expertise of medical professionals.
Disability rights vs. disability justice
Disability rights:
- based in a single-issue identity, focusing exclusively on disability at the expense of other intersections of race, gender,sexuality, age, immigration status, religion, etc.
- white centered
- centers mobility impairments
Disability justice:
- Intersection of identities with disability as focus
- everyone is equal
- all bodies are powerful
- move together
The principles of disability justice
-Intersectionality
-Leadership of those most impacted
-Anti-capitalist politic
-Commitment to cross-movement organizing
-Recognizing wholeness
-Sustainability
-Commitment to cross-disability solidarity
-Interdependence
-Collective Access
-Collective Liberation
–> Centers the voices of those most affected and those who have historically been left out… “Second wave” of disability rights movement
Definition of Reproductive Justice
The human right to maintain personal bodily autonomy, have children, not have children, and parent the children we have in safe and sustainable communities
- Reproductive justice is about access (and not just to abortions)
Steps to Achieve Reproductive Justice
○ Analyze power systems
○ Address intersecting oppressions
○ Center the most marginalized
○ Join together across issues and identities
Convergence of Disability and Reproductive Justice
○ Involuntary sterilization
○ Selective abortion due to fetal abnormalities
○ Supports for disabled parents to raise children
technical definition of a disability
The technical definition of a disability is based on the extent to which the way a person’s body and/or mind interacts with everyday routines.
Three elements are considered:
1. functional impairment, 2. activity limitation, and 3. participation restriction.
environmental model of disability
The environmental model shows how the configuration of spaces (real, virtual, and imagined) creates accessibility or inaccessibility.
identity or identity-politics model of disability
An identity or identity-politics model regards disability as a part of human diversity wherein all people have disability identities and every body and mind differs from the “norm.”
Definition of Ableism
- Devalues disability
- Overarching prejudice/discrimination against disabled
people - Demands that disabled individuals do whatever it takes to enact a nondisabled identity
- “A system of assigning value to people’s bodies and minds based on societally constructed ideas of normalcy, productivity, desirability, intelligence, excellence, and fitness. These constructed ideas are deeply rooted in eugenics, anti-Blackness, misogyny, colonialism, imperialism, and
capitalism”
Disability Justice - Intersectionality
“We do not live single-issue lives” –Audre Lorde.
Ableism, coupled with white supremacy, supported by capitalism, underscored by heteropatriarchy, has rendered the vast majority of the world “invalid.”
Disability Justice - Leadership of those most impacted
“We are led by those who most
know these systems.” –Aurora Levins Morales
Disability Justice - Anti-Capitalist Politic
In an economy that sees land and humans as
components of profit, we are anti-capitalist by the nature of having non-conforming body/minds
Disability Justice - Commitment to cross-movement organizing
Shifting how social justice movements understand disability and contextualize ableism, disability justice lends itself to politics of alliance.
Disability Justice - Recognizing wholeness
People have inherent worth outside of
commodity relations and capitalist notions of productivity. Each person is full of history and life experience.
Disability Justice - Sustainability
We pace ourselves, individually and collectively, to be sustained long term. Our embodied experiences guide us toward ongoing justice and liberation
Disability Justice - Commitment to cross-disability solidarity
We honor the insights and participation of all of our community members, knowing that isolation undermines collective liberation.
Disability Justice - Interdependence
We meet each others’ needs as we build toward liberation, knowing that state solutions inevitably extend into further control over lives.
Disability Justice - Collective Access
As brown, black and queer-bodied disabled people we bring flexibility and creative nuance that go beyond able-bodied/minded normativity, to be in community with each other
Disability Justice - Collective Liberation
No body or mind can be left behind – only moving together can we accomplish the revolution we require.
What is intersectionality?
“The dynamic interrelations of social categories… and the interwoven systems of power and privilege that accompany social category membership”
What are the central assumptions of intersectionality?
1) All individuals have multiple identities that converge
2) Within each identity is a dimension of power or oppression
3) Identities are influenced by the sociocultural context
Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw
Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw (law professor, critical race theorist), is credited with coining the term “intersectionality”
what are euphemisms to avoid
Differently-abled, challenged, special needs, handicapable
Definition of Development
- Progressive change throughout life
- Process shaped by experience
- Embedded in social and cultural context
Caregivers’ role in an infant’s environment
- Where infants are in environment
- What positions they are in (ex: socioeconomic)
- Whether they are held or carried
- What they wear
What are the 2 patterns of growth?
- Cephalocaudal development: Developmental sequence in which the earliest growth always occurs at the top—the head.
- Proximodistal development:Sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities.
Infant nutritional habits and needs
- From birth to 1 year of age, infants nearly triple their weight and increase their length by 50 percent … need 50 calories per day per pound they weigh
- From suck-and-swallow to chew-and-swallow movements … As they can, they eat semisolid and then complex foods
- A varied diet is important … introduce fruits and vegetables
Threats to infant health
- Infant mortality
- Malnutrition
- Vaccination (or not doing it)
When is risk of infant mortality the highest
first month of life
Growth stunting vs growth faltering
Growth stunting: not growing enough
Growth faltering: weight below 5th percentile
What is SIDS?
A condition that occurs when infants stop breathing and die without any apparent reason
SIDS vs SUIDS
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Sudden Unexpected Infant Death Syndrome
What are risk factors for SIDS
- Maternal smoking/ Exposure to
cigarette smoke - Sleeping on soft bedding/ bed sharing
-Abnormal brain stem functioning - Heart arrhythmia
- Lower socioeconomic group
- Low birth weight
- Sleep apnea
What are protective factors against SIDS
- breastfeeding
- sleep in room with fan
- “back to sleep”
What is shaken baby syndrome
– Brain swelling and hemorrhaging
– Affects hundreds of babies in the United States each year
NOTE: *important to provide care to baby as well as the caregiver!!
Neurogenesis
Formation of neurons (early prenatal development)
Synaptogenesis
Increased connectivity among neurons creates new neural pathways
Myelination
“Insulating” axons to increase speed of conduction
Synaptic Pruning
Connections that are used become stronger, while the unused ones are replaced or disappear—they are “pruned.
Experience-expectant brain development
The brain depends on experiencing certain basic events/stimuli at key points in time for typical development
Remember the concept of “sensitive periods”!
Infant sleep
- Sleep restores, replenishes, and rebuilds our brains and bodies.
- Sleep deprivation has a negative impact on memory, attention, reasoning, and decision making.
- The typical newborn sleeps approximately 18 hours a day.
- Cultural variations influence infant sleeping patterns.
Habituation
repeated exposure to stimulus results in gradual decline in response
Imitation
Mirror neurons
Sensation
the product of the interaction between information and the sensory receptors—the eyes, ears, tongue, nostrils, and skin.
Perception
the interpretation of what is sensed.
Visual Perception in infants
- Newborns cannot see things that are far away.
- Faces are possibly the most important visual stimuli.
- Color perception improves over first few months
- Depth Perception –> “Visual Cliff
Hearing in infants
The fetus can hear sounds in womb during the last two months of pregnancy
Changes in hearing during infancy involve perception of:
– Loudness
– Pitch
– Localization
Reflexes
Built-in reactions to stimuli that govern the newborn’s movements
Generally seen as automatic and beyond the newborn’s control
Gross motor skills
Involve large-muscle activities, such as walking
Fine motor skills
Involve more finely tuned movements, such as finger dexterity
Bias in motor development research
Most research based on 5% - American/English-speaking/Western
European (WEIRD)
Infancy - Sensorimotor Stage (Piaget)
Infants start to think by means of their senses and their motor actions
They start to move around their environment to consciously learn
What is the first stage of Piaget’s Six Substages of Sensorimotor Development. Elaborate
- Simple reflexes
Age: Birth to 1 month
Ex: Rooting, sucking, and grasping reflexes; newborns suck reflexively when their lips are touched.
Object Permanence
An understanding that objects and events continue to exist, even when they cannot directly be seen, heard, or touched
Developed during Substage 4 (Piaget)
Things that impact the child’s ability to sustain attention
How fast things move, ADHD, autism, Screentime
5 types of memory
- sensory
- working
- long term
- implicit
- explicit
Sensory Memory
holds incoming sensory information in its original form
Working Memory
holds and processes information that is
being “worked” in some way
Long-Term Memory
holds information to be retrieved later
Implicit Memory
memory without conscious recollection (Memories of skills and routine procedures that are performed automatically)
Explicit Memory
conscious remembering of facts and
experiences
Language at 0-6 months
infants recognize when sounds change, regardless of language
Language at 6-12 months
infants get even better at perceiving changes in their “own” language and begin to segment speech streams into words
Language at 7-15 months
Infants’ gestures (e.g., pointing), promote further language development
Language at 16-24 months
Vocabulary spurt
- Overextension: the tendency to apply a word too broadly to
inappropriate objects. - Underextension: the tendency to apply a word too narrowly.
- Telegraphic speech (~21 months): the use of only essentialwords in short phrases, without grammatical markers.
First 2 stages of Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
- trust vs mistrust (0-1.5 years)
- autonomy vs shame and doubt (1.5-3 years)
Emotion
The feeling that occurs when a person is in a state or interaction
Primary Emotions
- Present in humans and other animals, emerging early in life
- Happiness, sadness, interest, surprise, fear, anger, disgust
Self-Conscious Emotions
- Require self-awareness, especially
consciousness and a sense of “me” - Jealousy, empathy, embarrassment, guilt, pride
Stranger Anxiety
- Infant’s fear and wariness of
strangers. - Appears during the second half of the first year of life.
Separation Protest
The distressed crying of an infant when the caregiver leaves
Temperament
Individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of responding
3 types of Individual differences temperament (Chess and Thomas’ classification)
- Easy: positive attitude and quick to adapt to new situations
- Difficult: cry more often, have a hard time adapting to new
situations, and don’t regularly follow routines - Slow to warm up: adapt slowly and can react negatively but also show a low intensity in their emotional reactions
Goodness of Fit
Reaction to other reactions
Freud vs Erikson vs Harlow theories of attachment and development
Freud: infants become attached to the person who provides oral satisfaction
Erikson: trust arises from physical comfort and sensitive care
Harlow: contact comfort is preferred over food
Bowlby’s Ethological Theory of Attachment
John Bowlby argued that infants develop an internal working model of attachment
Bowlby’s four phases of attachment
Phase 1: Pre-Attachment—Indiscriminate Social Responsiveness (0-2 months)
Phase 2: Early Attachments—Discriminating Sociability (2-7 months)
Phase 3: Attachments (7-24 months)
Phase 4: Reciprocal Relationships (24-30 months onward)
Security of Attachment (Mary Salter Ainsworth)
Strange Situation: an observational measure of infant attachment
- The infant moves through a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with the caregiver and an adult stranger in prescribed order
- How babies respond suggests attachment style
criticisms of strange attachment
Culturally biased, atypical development, may not adequately consider biological factors (genes/temperament), critical vs. sensitive period (positive caregiving is likely key)
Types of attachment
- Securely Attached: Use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the
environment - Insecure Avoidant: Show insecurity by avoiding the caregiver.
- Insecure Resistant: Cling to the caregiver, then resist the caregiver by fighting against the closeness.
- Insecure Disorganized: Appear disoriented, showing strong patterns of avoidance and
resistance.
