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Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five stages of Tuckman’s Group Development model?

A

Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, Adjourning.

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2
Q

What does Campbell’s Theory of Entitativity propose?

A

Groups are perceived as more than just individuals based on common fate, similarity, and proximity.

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3
Q

What did John James discover about group size?

A

Most groups tend to be small, typically ranging from 2 to 7 members.

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4
Q

What distinction did Charles Horton Cooley introduce?

A

The difference between primary (intimate) and secondary (social) groups.

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5
Q

What are the five key characteristics of groups?

A

Size, Interaction, Goals, Interdependence, Structure.

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6
Q

What did Tajfel et al. (1971) demonstrate with the Minimal Groups Paradigm?

A

People show favoritism toward their own group, even when groups are arbitrarily assigned.

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7
Q

What was the focus of Lickel et al. (2000) study?

A

How participants perceive different groups based on characteristics rated on a Likert scale.

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8
Q

What is the definition of a group?

A

Two or more individuals connected by social relationships.

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9
Q

What are the types of groups?

A

Primary, Secondary, Planned, Emergent.

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10
Q

What is the definition of cohesion?

A

A dynamic process reflecting the tendency of a group to stick together.

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11
Q

What does the Thomas Theorem state about groups?

A

If people define a group as real, it has real consequences.

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12
Q

What are the four quadrants of McGrath’s Circumplex Model of Group Tasks?

A

Generating, Choosing, Negotiation, Executing.

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13
Q

What is the effect of the emergence of group dynamics as a field?

A

Increased understanding of group behavior and processes.

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14
Q

How did the Industrial Revolution and democracy influence group dynamics?

A

They led to a growing interest in group behavior due to social changes.

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15
Q

What is the effect of Tuckman’s theory of group development?

A

It provides a framework for understanding group stages.

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16
Q

What is Group Dynamics?

A

The study of the behavior of people in groups and the processes within and between groups.

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17
Q

What is Entitativity?

A

The perception of a group as a cohesive entity rather than a collection of individuals.

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18
Q

What is Cohesion?

A

The degree to which group members are attracted to each other and motivated to stay together.

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19
Q

What are the common characteristics of a group?

A

Size, connection, purpose.

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20
Q

What are the three categories of groups?

A

Categories (common attribute), Aggregates (same place/time), Collectives (spontaneous, undefined structure).

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21
Q

What is the difference between planned and emergent groups?

A

Planned groups are intentionally created; emergent groups develop gradually through interaction.

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22
Q

What factors influence the perception of a group?

A

Size, duration, and intensity of interaction.

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23
Q

When did group dynamics emerge as a formal field?

A

In the late 1800s, gaining traction in the 1930s-1940s.

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24
Q

Who contributed foundational concepts to group dynamics with research on social facilitation?

A

Norman Triplett.

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25
What did Floyd Allport believe about group actions?
They are the sum of individual actions.
26
What is the Groups Fallacy?
Overemphasizing group explanations while neglecting individual contributions.
27
What does the Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE) describe?
The tendency to emphasize dispositional factors over situational influences.
28
What does Lewin’s Field Theory state?
Behavior is a function of both the person and environment: B = f(P, E).
29
What is action research?
A cyclical process integrating theory with practical outcomes.
30
What are the three levels in a multi-level perspective?
Micro (individual), meso (group), and macro (societal).
31
What does reliability measure?
The consistency of results.
32
What is test-retest reliability?
The stability of results over time.
33
What does validity measure?
Whether a test assesses what it intends to measure.
34
What is predictive validity?
The ability of a test to predict future outcomes.
35
What is the main focus of trait theory?
Stable attributes that define behavior.
36
What is the OCEAN model?
The Big Five Personality Traits: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism.
37
What are common personality inventories?
NEO and 16PF.
38
What are emotions?
Reactions to stimuli with physiological and behavioral responses.
39
What are basic emotions?
Innate and universal emotions like happiness, sadness, fear, surprise, anger, and disgust.
40
What are self-conscious emotions?
Emotions related to self-perception, such as shame, guilt, embarrassment, and pride.
41
What is the difference between mood and affect?
Mood is a long-lasting emotional state, while affect refers to observable emotional expressions.
42
What is Emotional Intelligence (EI)?
The ability to monitor and regulate emotions to guide actions.
43
What are the key components of EI?
Self-awareness, social awareness, self-management, and relationship management.
44
What does the MSCEIT Ability Model measure?
How well individuals express and recognize emotions in others.
45
What is the Group Environmental Questionnaire (GEQ) used for?
Analyzing group cohesion.
46
Who developed sociometry?
Jacob Moreno.
47
What does Social Network Analysis study?
Relational structures in groups.
48
What are the two types of observational methods?
Overt (participants know they are observed) and covert (participants do not know).
49
What is an example of participant observation?
William Foote Whyte’s 'Street Corner Society' (1943).
50
What are the advantages of experiments in group research?
They test cause-and-effect relationships.
51
What does Social Exchange Theory examine?
The balance of rewards and costs in relationships.
52
What is the Input-Process-Output Model?
A framework analyzing how group performance is influenced by inputs, processes, and outcomes.
53
What is the fundamental human drive related to social relationships?
The drive to form and maintain lasting interpersonal relationships (Baumeister & Leary, 1995).
54
How does evolutionary psychology explain group behaviors?
It suggests they are rooted in physiological processes for reproductive success.
55
How does exclusion impact individuals?
It can lead to incapacitation and significant psychological distress.
56
What are the basic physiological needs according to Maslow?
Breathing, hunger, and other survival necessities.
57
How do psychological needs differ from physiological ones?
They include self-esteem, achievement, and recognition.
58
What does Maslow's hierarchy illustrate about social needs?
It shows the progression from basic survival to complex social and psychological needs.
59
What emotional effects can isolation cause?
Anxiety, anger, depression, and cognitive decline.
60
How do responses to chosen solitude differ from ostracism?
Chosen solitude is often neutral or positive, while ostracism causes distress.
61
What are some forms of social exclusion?
Being ignored, shunned, or avoided.
62
How does the brain respond to social exclusion?
The same areas that process physical pain are activated (Eisenberg et al., 2003).
63
What stress hormones are released during social exclusion?
Norepinephrine and cortisol.
64
What does Leary's sociometer theory suggest?
Self-esteem acts as a warning system for potential exclusion.
65
What physiological reaction can exclusion trigger?
A fight or flight response, increasing impulsivity and aggression.
66
How do some individuals react to social exclusion?
They become hypervigilant to social cues and may increase prosocial behavior.
67
What is social capital?
The benefits individuals gain from their social networks.
68
How do individual rights and group rights interact?
A balance between the two is crucial for understanding group dynamics.
69
What is the main focus of individualism?
Personal autonomy and individual rights.
70
What is the main focus of collectivism?
Group cohesion and the rights of the community.
71
How does the individualism-collectivism continuum function?
It illustrates varying degrees of emphasis on individual versus group needs.
72
How does group identity influence behavior?
It shapes personal identity and affects interactions with others.
73
How can understanding one's place on the I-C continuum help?
It can inform social interactions and group dynamics.
74
What is the core principle of individualism?
Prioritizing personal goals and autonomy over group needs.
75
What is the core principle of collectivism?
Emphasizing group goals, sometimes requiring conformity.
76
What is Optimal Distinctiveness Theory?
The balance between group assimilation and individual autonomy.
77
What are the two types of relationships in groups?
**Exchange relationships:** Based on mutual benefit. **Communal relationships:** Focused on the well-being of others.
78
How does group culture influence identity?
It shapes beliefs, customs, and social norms.
79
How do individualistic and collectivist cultures differ in hierarchy?
Collectivist cultures stress hierarchy, while individualistic cultures promote independence.
80
What does Social Identity Theory suggest about self-concept?
It is influenced by group memberships, leading to in-group favoritism.
81
What does the Minimal Groups Paradigm demonstrate?
Even arbitrary group distinctions can create bias.
82
How is self-esteem linked to social identity?
It is influenced by personal qualities and group memberships.
83
What is Basking in Reflected Glory (BIRG)?
Associating with successful groups to enhance self-image.
84
What is Cutting Off Reflected Failure (CORF)?
Denying connections to underperforming groups to protect self-esteem.
85
What is stereotype threat?
Anxiety from negative stereotypes that can impact behavior.
86
How can individuals protect their self-concept?
They may leave groups to avoid identity threats.

Group Dynamics (1 decks)

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