midterm 1

Question 1

Anthropology

Answer 1

the study of humankind, through human evolution and looking at what it means to be human

Question 2

Cultural Anthropology:

Answer 2

looking at contemporary and modern cultures to understand how they worked
the two studies within this are enthography and enthology

Question 3

Lidar Light Detection and Ranging

Answer 3

Remote sensing method that uses pulsed laser light to measure the distance to the Earths surface, can collect data that has been covered up

Question 4

Geophysical Survey Techniques

Answer 4

non-invasive technique that uses specialized equipment to locate objects beneath the Earths surface

Question 5

what method is used to find fired clay objects

Answer 5

magnetometry

Question 6

direct dating

Answer 6

applies the dating technique to the object: radio carbon, potassium, uranium, dendrochonolgy

Question 7

indirect dating

Answer 7

the date of an object is obtained by dating an object related to it

Question 8

relative dating

Answer 8

tells you if an object is younger or older

Question 9

absolute dating:

Answer 9

provides actual date with margin of error

Question 10

potassium-argon and argon-argon dating

Answer 10

absolute method that is chronometric that measures the amount of argon 40 buildup in volcanic rock, very useful for hominin sites

Question 11

radio carbon dating

Answer 11

dates organic material up to 50,000 years old

Question 12

Accelerator Mass Spectrometry

Answer 12

dating method of radio carbon dating that allows much smaller samples to be dated

Question 13

Luminescence Dating

Answer 13

absolute dating method that measures the anoint of energy an object has accumulated over its existence

Question 14

Natural Selection

Answer 14

theory devolved by Charles Darwin, that species have to adapt to survive of they die, which is why same species look different based on where they live

Question 15

Jean Baptiste Lamark

Answer 15

he attempted to explain the evolutionary process, and proposed the theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics. theory suggests that due to environment animals accommodate to the changes through devolving.

Question 16

what does it mean to be a primate

Answer 16

structure of hands (5 fingers and a thumb), similar face structure, structure if the ears, tendency to hold themselves upright, large range of motion in the shoulders, larger brain relative to body size

Question 17

who was the first upright walker

Answer 17

sahelanthropus tchadensis, the forward position of the foremen magnum suggests upright walking. he was discovered 7 mya in Chad, Central Africa
Cranial Capacity was 320 to 380 cm

Question 18

Miocene Epoch

Answer 18

23-5 mya. often referred as “the golden age of hominins” because there were thousands discovered in Europe, Africa, and Asia

Question 19

Orriorin Tugenensis

Answer 19

5.6 to 6 mya. located in western Kenya. the morphology in the neck reveals adoption to bipedalism

Question 20

Ardipithecus Ramidus

Answer 20

4.4 mya, located in Ethiopia. the cranial capacity is 300 to 350 cm
-earliest most well represented hominin
bipeds but would still climb trees

Question 21

The Australopthecines

Answer 21

diverse group of hominins that lived 4.2 to 3.8 mya, located in East Africa, with a cranial capacity of 365 cm
they had small brain and large jaws and teeth

Question 22

Australopithecus Afraensis

Answer 22

4 to 3 mya, located in East Africa, with a cranial capacity of 450 cm
-they display sexual dimorphism- difference in size and characteristics of males and females of the same species
-knees point inwards

Question 23

Australopithecus Africanus

Answer 23

3 to 2 mya, in south africa. cranial capacity of 400-500 cm. they were not animals or humans, but upright walkers.

Question 24

Taung, South Africa

Answer 24

a child was found there

Question 25

The Robust Australopthecines

Answer 25

2.5 to 1 mya in east and South Africa. Cranial capacity wa 400 to 600 cm. they had massive jaws and teeth, and their body was very much ape like but walked upright

Question 26

Paranthropus Robustus

Answer 26

2 to 1 mya, located in south Africa. they were called the “nutcracker” because of their enlarged teeth and the strength got the jaw

Question 27

Homo Habilis

Answer 27

2.4 to 1.4 mya, with a cranial capacity of 500-800 cm. When they were discovered they were found in the same layer as tools.

Question 28

Appearance of Homo Habilis compared to Aethiopthecine

Answer 28

Homo Habilis had larger brains, smaller teeth and jaws, less ape like face, and were identified as the first tool makers

Question 29

Homo Rudolfensis

Answer 29

lived in the same time period as Homo Habilis, but they had larger skulls, and larger and thinker enameled teeth. there is not evidence for them to be considered their owne species.

Question 30

Homo Erectus

Answer 30

they are the first to leave Africa, and are the species that are most like us. they emerged 1.9 mya and lived for 1.5 million years. The cranial capacity was 800-1200 cc, which was larger than Homo Habilis. They were successful trailers and knew how to use and control fire.

Question 31

Homo Floresiensis

Answer 31

discovered in the Indonesian Islands of Flores, they are considered to be the dwarf version of homo erectus. they were found n a cave site, a 3 ft tall female was discovered.

Question 32

Hadar, Ethiopia

Answer 32

this is where “Lucy” was discovered, she is a complete skeleton, and an upright walker. The upper part of her body was more ape, but walked like a human

Question 33

Dikika Region, Ethiopia

Answer 33

where a complete child remain were found. Lived 3.3 mya, and it was a 3 yr old female.

Question 34

Laetoli, Tanzania

Answer 34

this is where footprints were recovered, about 70 prints, looks like human feet, meaning they were an upright walker. 3.6 mya