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AN SC 325 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Long Bone

A

found in the limbs and act as levers for locomotion

an elongated diaphysis and two epiphyses, each of which encases a center for ossification

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2
Q

Short Bone

A

found in places of articulation - carpus and tarsus

all dimensions are relatively equal, generally signifying one center of ossification

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3
Q

Flat Bone

A

found in the skull, pelvic girdle, and scapula

it expands in two directions, with a broad surface for attachment of large muscle masses and protection of underlying structures

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4
Q

Sesamoid Bone

A

relieve tension within muscles and tendons - allowing for increased weight-bearing and tolerance by redistributing mechanical forces throughout a muscle or tendon

eg: patella and navicular bone

found withing tendons, where they change direction over prominences that would otherwise cause damage (relieving tensions and redistributing forces within muscle and tendons)

serve to displace tendon from the axis of the joint, increasing the leverage exerted by the muscle

they form synovial joints with major bones with which they are in contact

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5
Q

Irregular Bone

A

found in the vertebrae, hyoid

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6
Q

Splanchnic Bone

A

develop in soft organs remote from skeletal connection

eg: baculum - os penis, os cordis - oxen

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7
Q

Pneumatic Bone

A

Excavated to contain air spaces, such as the skull in the instance of paranasal sinuses, and the post-cranial skeleton of birds

important for bird respiration and flight

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8
Q

Diaphysis

A

comprise most of the length of the long bone (between the epiphysis)

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9
Q

Medullary cavity

A

contains bone marrow

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10
Q

Endosteum

A

inner surface of bone - growth, repair, remodelling

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11
Q

Periosteum

A

fibrous outer surface of bone - blood vessel, nerves, lymphatic vessels, nutrients to compact bone

attachments of ligaments and tendons

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12
Q

Bone on bone is very _____ for a horse

A

painful

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13
Q

Epiphysis

A

wider section of long bone
- spongy
- softer that diaphysis
- has articular cartilage

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14
Q

Articular cartilage

A

facilitates movement of connecting bones in joints

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15
Q

Metaphysis

A

inter region between diaphysis and epiphysis

remains cartilaginous until puberty then ossified and important for load bearing in joints

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16
Q

Short bones are found in the equine _______ (knee) and are often shaped as cubes and mainly spongy bone

A

carpus

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17
Q

_____ bones are made of spongy bone between two layers

A

flat

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18
Q

Sesamoid bones relieve ________ within muscles and tendons, allowing for increased weight-bearing and tolerance by redistributing mechanical forces throughout a _______ or tendon

A

tension; muscle

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19
Q

The shape of _________ bones is for function and cannot be categorized as long, short, flat, or sesamoid

A

irregular

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20
Q

Osteoporosis

A

decrease in bone mass and density

fracture easily

problems mostly related to nutrition

may lead to kidney issues

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21
Q

Osteopenia

A

low bone mineral density, but the density is not as low as osteoporosis, and bone is unlikely to fracture

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22
Q

Flared nostrils can be a sign that a horse is struggling to _______

A

breathe

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23
Q

Osteomalacia is aka ?

A

Big Head Disease

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24
Q

Fibrous Osteodystrophy

A

calcium , phosphorus and Vit D imbalance

aka: rubber jaw syndrome

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25
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
elevated PTH increased osteoclast activity increased bone Ca resorption for bone
26
Secondary renal hyperparathyroidism
chronic renal failure with glomerular disease increase PTH levels and resorb Ca from bone
27
Osteomalacia
aka big head or brain disease under-mineralized newly formed bone low Ca, high P diet with low Vit D is a cause considered a type of osteodystrophy 'Secondary Nutritional Hyperparathyroidism'
28
Osteonecrosis
'avascular necrosis' 'aseptic necrosis' 'bone infractions' vascular disturbance to the bone - decreased blood to bone
29
Bone Tumors
seen in 8% of older horses and 17% of 30 yo horses - benign tumors stay at local site -- all benign tumors have metastatic potential
30
malignant tumors
spread locally and/or distant sites (metastatic disease)
31
Osteitis
inflammation of only the cortical bone
32
Osteomyelitis
inflammation of the bone and bone marrow
33
The black shown on an x-ray of osteonecrosis is ____ ____
dead bone
34
Pathogenesis bacteria adhere to bone or bone associated components of soft tissue in a horse with __________
osteomyelitis
35
A horse with osteomyelitis may have a ______ infection (most common) and hematogenous spread (bacteria seeded into bone from circulation
local
36
_______ bone is usually not infected with osteomyelitis
healthy
37
Traditional Treatments for osteomyelitis
1) Systemic Antibiotics - culture and sensitivity 2) Debride - necrotic tissue and avascular bone 3) Bone grafts - adds scaffolding for bone healing
38
How to fix osteomyelitis from implant failure:
remove the implant and clean everything really well
39
bones have ____ elasticity
some
40
__________ of the bones can cause damage
overuse
41
compression of the bone is very bad for _____ because it can crush growth plates
foals
42
Nutritional status, age, functional activities, and hormone levels are __________ factors of fracture healing
systemic
43
Severity of trauma, vasculature and nerve supply, bone loss, immobilization of the fracture, and contamination are _______ factors of fracture healing
local
44
3 phases of fracture healing
1- inflammatory 2- reparative 3- remodeling
45
inflammatory phase of bone healing
(2-3 weeks) most important! - messengers - inflammatory cells - angiogenesis and extracellular matrix
46
Reparative phase of bone healing
(2-12 months) - most susceptible to mechanical forces (intra-fracture movement - interfragmentary stability (periosteal and endosteal callus) - required for bone union and ossification of bone
47
Remodeling phase of bone healing
- mechanical forces remodel bone - improper stability can lead to non union * a break that heals correctly is even stronger than before
48
In general, _________ are 'wear and tear injuries' from repetitive use
fractures
49
Open fracture
bone penetrates through tissue and skin bone is exposed to environment **** risk of infection
50
closed fracture
bone does not pierce skin no bone exposure to the environment
51
partial fracture
incomplete break in the bone
52
complete fracture
complete bone break bone separated in 2 sections
53
stable fracture
bone broken but not displaced (geometrically aligned)
54
displaced fracture
separation of the bone segments
55
In radiographs, black is ___, and _____ is everything else
air; white
56
Always take __ radiograph images to get a front and _____ angle
2; side
57
Transverse fracture
straight line across bone aka slab fractures
58
spiral fracture
spiral formation across bone
59
greenstick fracture
bone bends but fracture does NOT separate bone into 2 segments is a common risk in young horses or performance horses with little rest
60
torus fracture
'buckling of the bone' 'bulging' is a less severe form of greenstick fracture
61
stress fracture
'hairline' fractutres
62
compression fractures
bones are crushed
63
oblique fractures
diagonal fracture across the bone
64
impact frature
bone segments 'pushed' into each other
65
segmental fracture
a section of bone is separated from other sections
66
avulsion fracture
bone fragment is separated form the bone by a tendon or ligament aka chip fracture
67
comminuted fracture
bone is fractured in 3 or more segments
68
Options for fracture repair
1- stall rest 2- splint or cast 3- surgery: internal vs external fixation 4- euthanasia
69
It is always important to relieve ____ and anxiety
pain
70
Bandages and compression boots are used as __________ immobilizations for fractures
temporary
71
_____ casts can be used to treat laminitis
foot
72
_____ is used in a cast as a saw for removal
wire
73
A ____________ cast uses a pin to better stabilize things
transfixation
74
Cast complications
- pressure sores - cartilage, soft tissue and ligament atrophy - osteopenia - tendon and ligament laxity
75
internal surgical fracture repair uses ___________ wire
cerclage
76
there are limits to external fixation in horses for bone fractures due to the animal's _______
weight

AN SC 325 (2 decks)

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