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Molecular Biology and Genetics > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

dihybrid cross

A

cross between two organisms with different variations at 2 locuses

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2
Q

monohybrid cross

A

cross between two organisms with different variations at 1 locus

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3
Q

mitosis

A

somatic cells, results in 2 diploid genetically identical daughter cells, PPMATC

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4
Q

diploid

A

cell with 2 sets of chromosomes, 1 from each parent

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5
Q

prophase

A

chromosomes condense, centrosomes migrate to opposite poles and release microtubules

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6
Q

prometaphase

A

microtubules attach to chromosome and nuclear envelope breaks down

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7
Q

metaphase

A

chromosomes align at middle of cell

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8
Q

anaphase

A

sister chromatids separate to opposite poles

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9
Q

telophase

A

nuclear envelope reforms, chromosomes decompress

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10
Q

cytokenesis

A

division into 2 daughter cells

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11
Q

sister chromatids

A

replicated chromosome

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12
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

2 pairs of sister chromatids with genes at the same location

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13
Q

meiosis

A

germ and sex cells, results in 4 haploid genetically unique daughter cells

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14
Q

prophase I

A

chromosomes condense, undergo synapsis, each pair forms bivalent with 2 sister chromatids

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15
Q

synapsis

A

pairing up of homologous chromosomes and swapping of alleles

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16
Q

prometaphase I

A

spindle attach to kinetochores on chromosomes

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17
Q

metaphase I

A

homologous pairs line up at middle of cells

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18
Q

anaphase I

A

pairs separate but sister chromatids do not

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19
Q

telophase I and cytokinesis

A

chromosomes gather at opposite poles, cytoplasm divides, 2 haploid cells

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20
Q

meiosis II

A

same process as mitosis

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21
Q

null/amorphic alleles

A

recessive, nonfunctional protein produced or no protein

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22
Q

hypomorphic alleles

A

recessive, poorly functioning or less amounts of normal functioning protein produced

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23
Q

hypermorphic alleles

A

dominant, over production of protein or production of protein with increased activity

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24
Q

neomorphic/negative alleles

A

dominant, protein has new function or interferes with wildtype protein

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25
Q

G2 of interphase

A

before prophase, DNA doubles

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26
Q

incomplete dominance

A

BB Bb and bb all differ phenotypically, Bb is between both

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27
Q

codominance

A

BB Bb and bb all differ phenotypically, Bb exhibits phenotypes of both

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28
Q

recessive lethal alleles

A

essential genes when mutated lead to lethal phenotype, YY, both big Y required to be lethal, 2:1

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29
Q

penetrance

A

proportion of individual organisms having a particular genotype that express the expected phenotype

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30
Q

dominant lethal alleles

A

only one big Y required to be lethal

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31
Q

expressivity

A

degree to which phenotype is expressed

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32
Q

complete penetrance

A

identical know genotypes yield 100% expected phenotype

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33
Q

incomplete penetrance

A

identical know genotypes produce <100% expected phenotype

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34
Q

constant expressivity

A

identical known genotypes with no expressivity effect yield 100% expected phenotype

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35
Q

variable expressivity

A

identical know genotypes with an expressivity effect yield a rang of phenotypes

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36
Q

environmental factors affecting phenotypic expression

A

age, sex, temperature, chemicals

37
Q

phenocopy

A

change in phenotype arising from environmental factors that mimic the effects of a mutation in a gene

38
Q

mendel’s law of independent assortment

A

inheritance pattern of one trait will not affect inheritance pattern of another trait

39
Q

genetic interaction

A

different combinations of alleles from 2 or more genes can result in different phenotypes

40
Q

complementation

A

two strains of an organism with different homozygous recessive mutations that produce the same phenotype, produce offspring of wildtype phenotype when mated or crossed, mutation in different genes, 9:7

41
Q

heterogeneous trait

A

mutation in any one of a number of genes can give rise to the same phenotype

42
Q

genetic epistasis

A

masking the expression of one gene by another, no new phenotypes (hypostatic gene is masked)

43
Q

recessive epistasis

A

homozygous recessives at one gene pair mask expression from the other, 9:3:4

44
Q

dominant epistasis

A

one dominant allele at one gene masks expression from the other gene, 12:3:1

45
Q

pleiotropy

A

single gene is responsible for a number of distinct and seemingly unrelated phenotypic effects

46
Q

heterosis

A

when 2 different inbred lines are crossed and hybrids are heterozygous for many genes, hybrid vigor

47
Q

hardy weinberg principle

A

predicting genotypes through allele frequencies in population, p^2+2pq+q^2

48
Q

dosage compensation

A

way of equalizing gene expression in the face of different gene dosage

49
Q

monoploidy

A

one set of chromosomes

50
Q

polyploidy

A

more than two sets of chromosomes

51
Q

aneuploidy

A

abnormal number of total chromosomes, can be caused by meiotic nondisjunction

52
Q

allopolyploids

A

some polyploidy are result of crosses between 2 or more species

53
Q

trisomy 21

A

down syndrome, chromosome 21 is little

54
Q

turner syndrome

A

XO, monosomy, short wide chested and thick neck, treated with growth hormone

55
Q

klinefelter syndrome

A

XXY, symptoms after puberty, female attributes treated with T

56
Q

triple X syndrome

A

XXX

57
Q

double Y males

A

XYY

58
Q

hypoploidy and hyperploidy

A

less genetic material and more genetic material

59
Q

pericentric inversion

A

chromosome rearrangement including centromere

60
Q

paracentric inversion

A

chromosome rearrangement excluding centromere, forms a loop

61
Q

translocation

A

segment from one chromosome detaches and reattaches to different chromosome

62
Q

reciprocal translocation

A

pieces of 2 nonhomologous chromosome are exchanged without any net loss of genetic material

63
Q

compound chromosome

A

formed by fusion of homologous chromosomes, pieces lost in fusion

64
Q

robertsonian translocations

A

formed by the fusion of 2 nonhomologous chromosomes at their centromeres, centromeres are not centered and the two chromosomes pair and loose their short ends so centromere becomes more center

65
Q

frequency of combination, distance between genes

A

number of recombinants/total # of offspring x 100= map units

66
Q

homologous recombination

A

prophase I of meiosis, tetrad or bivalent formed, chiasma is physical junction where recombination occurs

67
Q

chromosome mapping

A

mapping linked genes on a chromosome by studying how often the genes recombine

68
Q

bacteriophage T4

A

protein head, genome of 168,800 base pairs and 150 genes, lytic cycle

69
Q

bacteriophage lambda

A

genome of 48,502 base pairs and 50 genes, lytic or lysogenic, in integrated stats lambda chromosome is called prophage and lytic genes are kept turned off

70
Q

episomes

A

large circular DNA that can integrate into bacterial chromosomes for replication or remain separate

71
Q

prototrophs and auxotrophs

A

cannot make certain AA, need to be added to growth medium

72
Q

transformation

A

transfer of a free out of cell piece of DNA from one bacterium to another

73
Q

conjugation

A

direct transfer of DNA via a cytoplasmic bridge, f factor

74
Q

transduction

A

transfer of genes from one cell to another via bacteriophage

75
Q

nucleotides

A

nitrogen containing bases, sugar, phosphate

76
Q

purine

A

adenine and guanine

77
Q

pyrimidine

A

cytosine and thymine (uracil)

78
Q

restriction enzymes

A

endonucleases in bacteria that destroy foreign DNA, cleave DNA at specific double stranded sequences know as restriction sites

79
Q

cloning plasmid requirements

A

multiple cloning site, origin of replication, selectable marker

80
Q

multiple cloning site

A

region with many restriction sites where external DNA is inserted

81
Q

origin of replication

A

site that enables plasmid replication in host cells

82
Q

selectable marker

A

allows researchers to select cells that contain plasmid

83
Q

pcr

A

denaturation, annealing, elongation

84
Q

bacterial chromosomes

A

circular molecules of DNA with 40-50 loops

85
Q

eukaryotic chromosomes

A

11nm ellipsodal beads called nucleosomes, 5 histones, protein

86
Q

first level nucleosomes

A

nucleotide pairs wrapped around nucleosome core

87
Q

second level

A

30nm chromatin packaging

88
Q

third level inter-phase chromosomes

A

fibers segregated into 300nm domains by scaffolds composed of no histone proteins

Molecular Biology and Genetics (2 decks)

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