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Uni Stu H30A > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

central dogma

A

DNA –> RNA –> protein

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2
Q

transcription

A

DNA –> RNA

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3
Q

translation

A

RNA –> protein

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4
Q

DNA nucleotides

A

adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine

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5
Q

What connects the bases together (single strand)?

A

sugar phosphate backbone

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6
Q

What forms the double helix?

A

phosphate backbone

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7
Q

What holds the two strands together?

A

H-bonds

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8
Q

Read DNA…

A

5’ –> 3’

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9
Q

Difference between DNA and RNA?

A

DNA: T
RNA: U

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10
Q

different types of RNA?

A

mRNA, rRNA, tRNA

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11
Q

mRNA?

A

messenger RNA

transcript processed by ribosome to be translated

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12
Q

rRNA?

A

ribosomal RNA

makes the protein, reads mRNA

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13
Q

tRNA?

A

transfer RNA

attached to amino acid for protein building

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14
Q

What bonds are used to create a protein?

A

peptide bonds

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15
Q

What are the two groups of a protein?

A

amino and carboxyl (N and C terminus)

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16
Q

What determines the function of a protein?

A

amino acids + folding of proteins

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17
Q

RNA synthesis

A

uses DNA template, RNA polymerase

transcription builds 5’ –> 3’

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18
Q

What are some common protein functions?

A
  1. transport
  2. structure & mechanics
  3. enzymes
  4. hormones
  5. signaling
  6. antibodies
  7. fluid balance
  8. acid-base reactions
  9. channels and pumps
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19
Q

How is a protein synthesized?

A

ribosome binds to mRNA, facilitates tRNA attachment to build polypeptide

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20
Q

PCR ____ every cycle.

A

doubles

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21
Q

3 steps of PCR

A
  1. denaturation
  2. annealing
  3. extension
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22
Q

PCR requires?

A

2 DNA primers
heat-stable DNA polymerase
DNA nucleotides
target sequence (temp strand)

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23
Q

PCR ultimately does what?

A

makes a lot of copies (AMPLIFIES) the target sequence

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24
Q

What is Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP)?

A

specific enzymes cut specific areas

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25
Q

When can RFLP be used?

A

perform paternity test
amplify to see if DNA bands match up

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26
Q

What are the steps to the scientific method

A
  1. observation/question
  2. research topic area
  3. hypothesis
  4. test with experiment
  5. analyze data
  6. report conclusions
  7. REPEAT
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27
Q

You can always _____ something, but you can never _____ something.

A

disprove, prove

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28
Q

Identical Twins

A

1 egg + 1 sperm –> egg splits into 2

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29
Q

Semi-identical twins

A

1 egg + 2 sperm –> egg splits into 2

30
Q

fraternal twins

A

2 eggs + 2 sperm

31
Q

Pseudoagouti?

A

experiment on methylating yellow-hair gene on mice

–> dark hair was result of LOW EXPRESSION
–> term (Pseudoagouti) used to describe dark-haired miced

32
Q

What is the starting codon?

33
Q

What are the public health core functions?

A
  1. Assessment
  2. Policy Development
  3. Assurance
34
Q

What is assessment?

A

gather, analyze and communication information about health

(monitor the health status, diagnose and inviestigate)

35
Q

What is policy development?

A

uses all the data that has been collected to make a plan

organize community partnership to recognize and solve the health issue

develop policies that will support the individual and community

36
Q

What is assurance?

A

ensure all health services all available and accessible

37
Q

What are the 10 essential public health services?

A
  1. assess and monitor population health
  2. investigate, diagnose, and address health hazards and root causes
  3. communicate effectively to inform and educate
  4. strengthen, support, and mobilize communities and partnerships
  5. create, champion, and implement policies, plans, and laws
  6. utilize legal and regulatory actions
  7. enable equitable access
  8. build a diverse and skilled workfoce
  9. improve and innovate through evaluation, research, and quality improvement
  10. build and maintain a strong organizational infrastructure for public health
38
Q

_______ aspects heavily influences health status.

39
Q

What is the main predictor for health?

A

socioeconomic status (SES)

40
Q

What are some of the demographic factors for SES?

A

marginalized groups (racial, ethnic minorities), gender, martial status, etc.

41
Q

How does SES affect health?

A

physical environment

sanitation

nutrition

education

42
Q

What are Koch’s Postulates?

A

steps to confirm whether a microorganism is pathogenic:

  1. must be present in all affected organisms
  2. be able to isolate and grow in lab
  3. lab-grown microorganism is then injected to the biological subject and must develop the disease
  4. the subject is isolated and the process is repeated
43
Q

What is the chain of infection?

A
  1. infectious agent
  2. reservoir: host of agent
  3. portal of exit: how the agent leaves the host
  4. mode of transmission: how the agent is passed on
  5. portal of entry: how the agent enters into the new host
  6. susceptible host
44
Q

What are the stages of prevention?

A

primary, secondary, tertiary, primordial

45
Q

What is the goal of primary prevention? Provide examples.

A

decrease the number of new cases (e.g. vaccinations, education, sanitation, etc.)

46
Q

What is the goal of secondary prevention? Provide examples.

A

decrease the number of new cases and severe cases (e.g. early detections like screening)

47
Q

What is the goal of tertiary prevention? Provide examples.

A

minimize the number of complications and deaths (e.g. individual treatment, rehabilitation)

48
Q

What is the goal of primordial prevention? Provide examples.

A

prevent arising factors from diseases (e.g. policy-making that targets social and environmental conditions)

49
Q

What are the hallmarks of cancer?

A

uncontrolled cell division, angiogenesis, metastatsis

50
Q

What is angiogenesis?

A

tumor binds itself to blood supply using angiogenic factors; needs to bind itself to a blood supply to grow/stay alive

51
Q

What is metastasis?

A

tumor begins to break off; adhesion to blood vessel wall (growth of secondary tumor)

52
Q

What is mutagenesis?

A

rapid mutations

53
Q

Different cell types have different __________ because cancer cells __________ quickly.

A

tolerances, mutate

54
Q

What is pentacene?

A

5-carbon rings

55
Q

What are the 3 molecule structures?

A
  1. line
  2. ball and stick
  3. space filling
56
Q

Structure indicates similar _______.

A

properties

57
Q

Pharmakon means?

A

poison (classic Greek); drug (modern Greek)

58
Q

Logia means?

59
Q

What is a drug?

A

an atom, small molecule, protein (or RNA), dead virus, plant

60
Q

Penciliin

A

from fungi

basis of antibiotics by KILLING the bacteria

61
Q

Insulin

A

Past: retrieved from cattle and hogs’ pancreas

62
Q

Human growth hormone

A

past: dead humans

63
Q

Opium Poppy

A

use the poppy seeds to extract opium (makes morphine)

64
Q

Heroin is the ________ version of morphine.

A

artificial

65
Q

Willow bark

A

heat to extract, run extract on HLPC (high-performance liquid chromatography), turns into fractions (represents individual compounds), REPEAT PROCESS

66
Q

High Throughput Screening

A
  1. grow cells in plastic dishes
  2. take library (collection of drugs) and run through screen
  3. give to normal cells (don’t want to hurt them)
  4. give to mutant cells (want drug to kill them)
67
Q

In High Throughput Screening, what are the colors of alive and dead cells?

A

alive: blue/purple
dead: yellow

68
Q

For preclinical studies what do you need to do?

A

use animal/ex vivo/in vitro models

2 animal models: 1 rodent, 1 non-rodent

69
Q

What is ex vivo?

A

outside of the living body; tissues and organs removed of living organism and then treated

70
Q

What is in vitro ?

71
Q

What are the ethical requirements for clinical studies?

A
  1. social value
  2. scientific validity
  3. fair and objective selection of subjects
  4. informed consent
  5. favorable risk to benefit ratio
  6. respect for human subjects
  7. oversight by an institutional review board (IRB)
72
Q

Drug development takes around ___ years and approximately $____.

Uni Stu H30A (1 decks)

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