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HES 201 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

exercise prescription

A

using evidence based training strategies, effective monitoring and fundamental principles to design a training program

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1
Q

training

A

stimulation of biological adaptations that results in an improvement in perf. task
- attempt to change physiological tolerance

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2
Q

conditioning and steps

A

process of training to behave in a certain way or to accept certain circumstances
- setting up a favourable enviornment
- analyze activity > analyze indiv. > develop program > monitor program > evaluate program > adjust program as needed

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3
Q

principles of training

A
  • Specificity: neuromuscular activation level, movement type to specific to sports needs and energy systems
  • progressive overload: increasing load, maintaining a stimulus for adaptation, avoiding non-functional overreaching/ overtraining
  • variety & periodization: varying stimulus supports stimulus for adaptation, allows for multi system development, focusing on diff. aspects of training
  • rest & recovery: adaptation occurs in recovery from session, must consider type of training in permitting recovery or limit adaptations
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4
Q

when does adaptation occur

A
  • when the body’s homeostasis is disturbed
  • needs recovery -> when you get stronger
  • theres almost no such thing as overtraining: instead its almost always a problem of under-recovery
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5
Q

how can we measure athletes (perf. based & adapting)

A

performance based:
- time based tests
- distance based tests
- power output
adaptations:
- HR
- blood La
- O2 consumption (VO2)
- running economy
- strength
- BC

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6
Q

how can test results be used

A
  • find weaknesses
  • create training intensity/zone
  • measure improvements
  • help coach
  • predict future perfomance
  • pace to strengths
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7
Q

health benefits of PA

A
  • prevents chronic diseases
  • physical inactivity is the 4th leading cause of death
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8
Q

what are the goals of the ACSM human movement paradigm

A
  • minimize sedentarism
  • PA guidelines: moving more (freq, int, dur)
  • exercise cardioresp, flex, RE, neuromuscular systems
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9
Q

health related components of PA

A
  • BC: % of fat and non fat mass
  • Carioresp endurance: transport and utilization of O2
  • skeletal muscle strength: produce peak force (iso, dyn, isok)
  • skeletal muscle endurance: repeated submaximal force
  • flexibility: mobility through ROM
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10
Q

FITT VP principles

A

F- frequency
I- intensity: internal or external, objective (units) or subjective (verbal)
T- time/duration
T- type

V- volume: kcal/week, MET - min/week
P- progression

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11
Q

ASCM recommendations

A
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12
Q

modes of flexibility

A
  • static: stretch of muscles surrounding a joint that is held without movement
  • dynamic: rapidly moving a muscle to stretch and relax quickly for several reps
  • proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF): a muscle is isometrically contracted, relaxed, and stretched
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13
Q

dose- response curve

A
  • sigmoidal shaped
  • concomitant CV or orthopedic risk
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14
Q

exercise training sequence

A
  1. 4-5 min warm up
  2. aerobic sesion or resistance session
  3. static stretching
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15
Q

goal setting (and common goals)

A

common goals:
- improving appearance/ QOL
- managing weight
- preparing for comp
- reducing risk of chronic disease/condition
- reversing progression of disease
S- specific
M- measurable
A- attainable
R- realistic
T- timely

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16
Q

methods of estimating intensity of cardioresp and RE

A
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17
Q

FITT principles of cardioresp. endurance (karvonen)

A

F- frequency
I- intensity:
- objective: VO2, HR, caloric expenditure, mass, watts
- Karvonen: heart rate reserve (HRR) —> (HRR x desired %’s) + HR rest = target HR range
- subjective: rating perceived exertion
T- time
T - type

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18
Q

recommendations of resistance training

A
  • lift through ROM unless told otherwise
  • exhale during lifting and inhale during recovery
  • control recovery phase
  • in clinical populations:
    - monitor BP before and after session
    - involve same professional
    - regularly assess for signs/symptoms
    - train with a partner
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19
Q

what to know before prescribing

A
  • training/ health objectives
  • conditions
  • training options/doses
  • modifications of components that may change effect
  • what to monitor
  • SMART goals
  • how to alter prescription
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20
Q

health goals

A
  • evidence informed practices to improve physical or mental health, and prevent/treat/manage diseases
  • start by reducing sedentary time to enhance L-mod PA
  • includes motivational interviewing/ behavioural change
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21
Q

fitness goals

A
  • improve function with further M-V PA
  • often increases resistance training
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22
Q

performance goals

A
  • depends on demands of activity/athlete, worker fitness, injury prevention, general conditioning for athletic optimizing
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23
Q

steps to prescribe (Rx) effectively

A
  1. use evidence based, high-yield strategies
  2. determine the right stimulus
  3. monitor the response and adaptations and compare if needed
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24
Q

how can prescription stimulate adaptation

A

structured systems of training can be designed to incorporate targeting specific physio, psych, and perf characteristics of activities
- training reps to induce automation in motor skills and develop structural and metabolic functions to increase perf

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25
Q

what are some ways you can modify stress in a Ex session

A
  • intensity
  • duration
  • vary rest periods
  • frequency
  • modality/ type
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26
Q

what are some ways you can modify stress in a Ex training week

A
  • training volume
  • frequency
  • intensity
  • periodize/ create cycles
  • training focus
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27
Q

duration and intensity relationship

A
  • inverse relationship
  • can use interval training
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28
Q

training intensity spectrum

A
  • diff intensities tend to stimulate diff adaptations
  • based on how the load is used at that work rate
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29
Q

physiologically based Ex intensity distribution

A
  • training intensities for aerobic based Ex utilizes phsyio response to increase workload, phsyio “markers” act as anchors
    training intensities:
  • perf based
  • effort (RPE) based
  • physiologically/ training component based
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30
Q

frequency effects

A

higher frequency of training may be important for risk reduction and high fitness

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31
Q

what is the purpose of training

A
  • develop phsyio reserves to perf high level tasks without decay over time
  • be robust enough to withstand the motor patterns need without injury
  • be able to achieve a task perf
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32
Q

general adaptation syndrome
(stimulus recovery adaptation process)

A
  • hans selye
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33
Q

chronic GAS

A
  • stress applied at the right time and magnitude to the right targets with the right recovery
  • leads to positive adaptations
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34
Q

types of training/adaptation responses and the goal

A
  • acute (adjustments): functional changes occurring immediately in response to Ex —> reverts back to baseline shortly after
  • chronic (adaptations): long lasting, progressive alterations to gene\
  • goal: to utilize acute training sessions to show chronic adaptations to phsyio systems to improve perf
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35
Q

overload

A

increase demands on the system
- creates stimulus for adaptation
- adaptation is specific to type of overload

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36
Q

adaptation

A

protects the body from potential demands
- threshold for overload that must be surpassed to disturb homeostasis

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37
Q

progressive overload

A

adaptation will cease or be reduced of training stimulus is not progressively increased
- intensity + frequency + duration = total training volume stress

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38
Q

duration

A

total time that the stimulus is provided over a single training session
- compared with intensity

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39
Q

frequency

A

how often an athlete trains in a given time

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40
Q

intensity

A

the amount of work per time
- ratio of athletes current power out to their maximal power output capacity

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41
Q

volume

A

the product of intensity, duration, and frequency

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42
Q

rest and recovery

A

the period of restitution towards homeostasis that follows a training stimulus

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43
Q

detraining

A

following training the body reverts back to pre-training status

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44
Q

workout density

A

amount of time athletes is active in a workout (not counting rest) per total time of workout

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45
Q

training density

A

amount of training volume per unit time

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46
Q

training load

A

volume, intensity, density and duration of the workout and or degree of perturbation of homeostasis disturbed

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47
Q

how does garber et al, 2011 define overload threshold

A

a threshold of overload is needed to maintain or improve fitness, this is likely not a standard dose amount and is dependent on fitness status

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48
Q

long duration vs short duration effects

A

long duration (decreased intensity):
- hypoglycemia/muscle glycogen
- CT stress
- bone loading
- cardiac muscle stress
- plasma volume
- CNS fatigue
- mito. density #
- aerobic enzymes
- immune system
short duration (high intensity):
- anaerobic enzymes
- glycolysis
- muscle force (XB’s)
- bone loading
- cardiac muscle stress
- muscle buffering (H+ ions)
- NS
- ANS

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49
Q

cumulative training effect and affects on aerobic and anaerobic systems

A
  • changes in phsyio capabilities and level of phys/tech abilities resulting from a long lasting athletic preparation
  • aerobic - endurance (mito, oxidative enzymes) = large
  • anaerobic (glycolytic enzymes, PCr storage) = small
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50
Q

what are the fundamental rules of training

A
  • trainability: the potential to improve in response to training (depends on age, pre-training)
  • recoverability: the ability to resume work after an effort (depends on quality/quantity of rest)
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51
Q

residual training eftects

A
  • proposed by B & J councilman
  • the continued changes induced by systemic workloads beyond a certain time period after the ending of training
  • long term and short term training residuals
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52
Q

what are some means

A
  • barbells
  • kettle bells
  • dumbbells
  • medicine ball
  • run/bike/row
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53
Q

what are some methods

A
  • rep temp
  • rest interval
  • training duration
  • training volume
  • intensity
  • rep duration
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54
Q

individualization definition and steps

A
  • modification of training to account for an athletes unique capacity to training
    1. plan to the tolerance level of the athlete
    2. individualize the training load
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55
Q

principles of training (12)

A
  • individualization
  • specificity/ transferability
  • progressive overload
  • rest/recovery
  • variety
  • celling effect
  • maintenance
  • periodization
  • regularity
  • interference
  • multilateral development
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56
Q

specificity

A
  • incorporating specific tasks of a sport to help induce neuromuscular and metabolic adaptations
  • want to avoid monotony
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57
Q

specificity continuum

A
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58
Q

variation

A
  • manipulation of training variables
  • method for modifying the overload stimulus
  • prevents boredom and loss of motivation
  • variation in: location, patterns, partners, means of training
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59
Q

progression

A

progressively increasing load over time to allow for adaption
- general increases encourages sustainable adaptations

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60
Q

restituation

A

rest and recovery

61
Q

reversibility

A

withdrawal of tissue loading results in loss of beneficial fitness and perf adaptations

62
Q

periodization

A

planned systemic/structural variation of training program over time
- constant cycling of training variables to maintain optimal training stimulus
- avoid overtraining, burnout, injury

63
Q

transferibility

A

biomotor and training adaptations across broad spectrum

64
Q

celling effect

A

law of diminishing returns applied in training
- low initial fitness: , improves rapidly, many changes in days 10-14, VO2 max improves 25-50%
-high initial fitness: improves little, no changes in VO2 max

65
Q

periodization

A
  • prep period
  • transition period
  • competition period
  • transition period (active rest)
66
Q

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and rephosphorylation

A
  • phosphate group held by high energy bonds
  • phosphorylation
  • hydrolysis
  • myosin ATPase –> ADP + Pi
    rephosphorylation: ADP –> ATP
  • energy must come from ATP-PCr, anaerobic glyc, oxid of glucose/glycogen and FA
67
Q

resynthesis/ recovery of PCr

A
  • once PCr is depleted, reaction is reversed to phosphorylze Cr (energy comes from oxidative pathways)
68
Q

ATP-PCr (high energy phosphate system)

A
  • [ATP] in resting muscles is low
  • muscles have larger reserve of PCr
  • PCr provides energy buffer to maintain [ATP] in intense Ex
69
Q

anaerobic glycolysis

A
  • breakdown of muscle glycogen
  • net gain of 3 ATP/glycogen
70
Q

aerobic glycolysis

A
  • occurs in mitochondria
  • oxidation of pyruvate or FA
  • process removal of H+ (oxidation) then reunits e- with H+ and combine with O2, to form H2O
  • only occurs with O2 and maximal rate is limited by rate of O2 delivery
  • krebs cycle, Citric acid cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle (within inner mem. —> ETC)
  • oxidative enzymes
71
Q

glycolytic pathway (glycolysis) steps and end product

A

end products:
- low intensity Ex: via lactate dehydrogenase turns into lactic acid
- high intensity Ex: pyruvate enters aerobic metabolism

72
Q

which systems are used for high power, power and short duration, endurance training

A
73
Q

which system is used for explosive events (<2 sec) and its limits

A
  • phosphagen system
    limits d/t creatine kinase rxn, depleted PCr reserve, slow CK activity d/t low pH
74
Q

which system is used for maximal efforts (12-15 sec) and its limits

A
  • phosphagen system and glycolytic pathways
    limits d/t rate of glycolytic enzymes (phosphorylase, PFK, LDH), substrate/enzyme [ ]
75
Q

which system is used for sustained spriniting (max effort over 15-60 sec) and its limits

A
  • anaerobic glycolysis
    limits d/t [PCr]
  • longer duration of up to 60 sec also use aerobic
76
Q

which system is used for middle distance (up to 6 min) and its limits

A
  • both aerobic and anaerobic
  • uses max O2 intake, max [La-] for 3 min or longer
    limits d/t enzymes, fatigue tolerance, O2 availability
77
Q

which system is used for endurance events (up to 40 min) and its limits

A
  • aerobic and support from anaerobic
  • almost all ATP produced via oxidative means
    limits d/t max aerobic capacity, anaerobic threshold, efficiency/economy
78
Q

which system is used for long distance (several hours) and its limits

A
  • aerobic with supply form CHO and fats
    limits d/t substrate depletion
79
Q

metabolic limitations of endurance training and types of training

A
  • continuous training: 65-85% Vo2 max, 30-60 min
  • interval training: 90-100% Vo2 max, 1-4 min
    limits:
    1. substrate supply: incr in muscle/liver glycogen (depletion-repletion cycles)
    2. mitochondria: incr in # and size
    3. oxidative enzymes: related to mito size/number
    4. glycolytic enzymes
    5. fiber type: uses type IIa and IIx
    6. endocrine response: incr intensity (incr catecholamines)
80
Q

metabolic limitations of sprint training and types of training

A
  • supramaximal training: power outputs, >100% Vo2 max
    limits:
    1. substrate supply: incr muscle glycogen storage (depletion-repletion cycle)
    2. muscle enzymes: incr of allosteric glycolytic enzymes (PFK, Hexokinase, phosphorylase), incr rate of ATP production, incr oxidative enzymes
    3. muscle buffering capacity: buffering bicarbonate, for a given incr in La- –> decr in H+
81
Q

metabolic limitations of resistance training

A
  1. substrate supply: incr resting muscle glycogen and PCr
  2. muscle enzymes: little-no effect on glyc enzymes, little decr in oxid enzymes
  3. muscle fiber types: type IIa and IIx
82
Q

physio factors effecting VO2 max

A
83
Q

a-v difference

A

arterial- venous diff: how well we extract O2 to the muscles

84
Q

Cardiac output

A

how well we deliver O2 to the muscles

85
Q

anatomy of the heart

A
86
Q

factors that determine HR

A
  • cardiac cells (pacemakers)
  • systole/diastole
  • ANS (incr HR)
  • PNS and ANS (CV drift)
  • max HR (refractory period of cardiac cells)
  • recovery HR (similar ANS experience)
87
Q

factors that determine Q

A
  1. ventricular filling:
    - venous return incr with ex
    - muscle pump: working muscle contraction displaces blood back from veins to heart
    - resp pump: assists heart pressure
    - vasco constriction: via SNS, constriction away from non-working organs returns blood
    - diastolic filling time: decr with intensity but incr in filling pressure
  2. ejection fraction:
    - with ex, incr blood ejected in shorter time
    - incr contractility (SNS and frank starling–> higher preload)
88
Q

factors determining blood flow

A
  • CSA
  • vasodilation in arterioles to muscles
  • vasoconstriction of arterioles to non-active tissue
89
Q

factors determining SV and formula

A

SV = EDV - ESV
- ~ 70 ml for adults
- LV EDV depends on: chamber size, filling pressure
- LV ESV depends on: afterload , myocardial contractile force
- with incr intensity –> both ESV and EDV contribute to incr SV

90
Q

factors that determine o2 content

A
  1. red blood cells:
    - Hb, HCt (hematocrit)
    - o2 binding depends on PO2: anemia
    - o2 carrying capacity of blood: CaO2
    - erythropoiesis
  2. white blood cells: ex and immune functioning
  3. plasma
91
Q

BP controls

A
  1. local control: at muscle level, changes metabolites, signalas local vasodilation
  2. central control: SNS activation of alpha and beta receptors, vasoconstricts non active, vasodilates muscle/heart/skin
  3. short term and long term BP control mechanism: baroreceptor (neural), kidney and humoral
92
Q

o2 loading

A
  • respiratory system: o2/co2 transport, blood reservoir, acid-base balance, lung functioning
  • ventilation changes
  • pulm blood flow
  • gas transport and exchange
  • co2, bicarbonate buffer
  • control ventilation
93
Q

phsyio response in acute ex

A
94
Q

CV system in temp regulation

A
  • heat loss: sweating, skin blood flow, SV decr, HR incr until longer can maintain Q
  • ex in cold: vasoconstriction
95
Q

structural cardiac adaptations

A
96
Q

Cardiac functional adaptations in HR

A
  • relative bradycardia (when PNS and SNS blocked)
  • involves ANS, reduces SNS, incr PNS of SA node
  • decr HR = incr SV –> incr Q
97
Q

Cardiac functional adaptations in Blood volume

A
  • fluid balance: acute ex, incr temp, metabolism, electrolyte imbalance
  • stimulation of renin-angiotensin- aldosterone system can incr plasma volume
98
Q

Cardiac functional adaptations in contractility

A
  • incr ability to expel blood from ventricle
  • incr SNS activation (frank sterling mechanism)
99
Q

muscle capilliarization

A
  • < 4 weeks = incr capillary density
  • angiogenesis: growth of new capillaries
  • easier flow to muscle fibre
  • stimulated by metabolism, stress on vessel, hypoxia
100
Q

central adaptations

A
  • greater SV and incr Q
  • incr arterial and ventricular volumes
  • incr ventricular wall thickness
  • incr total blood volume
101
Q

peripheral adaptations

A
  • improved gas exchange
  • incr number of capillaries
102
Q

functional utilization

A
  • maximal aerobic capacity/ anaerobic threshold
  • the greater threshold relative to vo2 max the higher intensity one can withstand fatigue
103
Q

factors of motor unit activation

A
  • motor unit: functional unit of neuromuscular system
  • size principle
  • muscle spindle and golgi tendon organs
104
Q

motor unit recruitment

A

the capacity to voluntarily recruit as many MU as possible and send nerve impulses at high frequencies

105
Q

intramuscular coordination

A

the ability to synchronize all muscles of a kinetic chain involved in action

106
Q

hemodynamic responses to acute resistance training

A
  1. HR and BP:
    - both incr in dynamic resistance training
    - BP high with ecc/con movements
    - peaks usually occur in last several reps to failure
    - Bp higher in submax sets vs 1rm
    - Bp higher with greater muscle mass activation
  2. SV and Q
    - ex SV > rest SV in con phase
    - ecc phase SV > resting SV > con phase
    - Q incr in both ecc and con phase
107
Q

muscle size effects of strength

A
  1. CSA:
    - anatomical: area of transverse section of muscle
    - physiological: summed CS of muscle fibres most valid for force
    - pennation angle: affects diff in ACSA and PCSA
108
Q

henneman’s size principle

A

motor units are recruited in order from smallest to largest depending on the intensity of the force being applied

109
Q

force frequency relationship

A
110
Q

force velocity relationship

A

the high loaded move, the less capacity for high velocity movements
- key is tempo

111
Q

effects of muscle temp on strength

A
  1. resting muscle temp: higher in deeper muscles
  2. warm up: active (incr 2-3 degrees)
  3. iso contractions:
  4. force and power velocity relationships: con>ecc
  5. perf: related to jump ht, speed, power
  6. mechanisms: incr force for XBs, Vmax, ATPase, AP
  7. core temp
112
Q

fatigue

A

ex induced decrease in maximum force and/or max power generating capacity
- fatigue begins before fatigue failure

113
Q

neuromuscular considerations: fatigue

A
  • incr intensity = incr fatigue
  • depends on fibre type distribution, # cycling XB, force per XB, activation/deactivation of XB, rate of Xb cycling
  • d/t low XB formation/function
114
Q

motor unit rotation

A

some deactivate while others activate maintaining contraction strength

115
Q

fatigue recovery

A

recovery is essential to produce force, max strength returns faster then muscle endurance

116
Q

physiological adaptations in resistance training

A
117
Q

interactions of neuromuscular adaptations (strength, hypertrophy-muscle size, nerual)

A
118
Q

nerual adaptations

A

optimize MU recruitment, leading to rapid improvements in force production
- 2-6 weeks

119
Q

muscle hypertophy

A

occuring after 4-6 weeks contributes to more strength gains

120
Q

neural mechanisms of fatigue

A
  • decr activation of higher centres
  • alerted reflex inputs to MN
  • decr MN excitability
  • failed neuromuscular transmission
121
Q

neural adaptations - MU

A
  • incr recruitment, firing rate, synchronization
  • size principle: order of recruitment/derecruitment
121
Q

muscle mechanisms of fatigue

A
  • impaired ecc
  • metabolic factors
122
Q

neural adaptations- NMJ

A
  • incr in total area
  • greater dispersion of ACh receptors within motor end plate
123
Q

neural adaptations- central

A
  • incr MUA in higher brain centres: intent to produce maximal force and power
  • primary motor cortex activity incr
  • activation in descending corticospinal tracts and recruitment of fast twitch (FT) MU–> incr agonist and synergist muscle recruitment
124
Q

muscular adaptations- muscle growth

A

hypertrophy:
- incr synthesis or reduction in degradation of proteins
- incr # of myofibrils
- new myofilaments (incr diameter)
- myogenesis: formation of new muscle tissue
- Akt/m TOR signaling with contraction
- PROsynth rates elevated with rest
- larger CSA (tendons can incr)
- more type I fibers, with heavy resistance training type II hypertrophy > type I
- resistance training shift in fibre type IIx and IIa no change to type I

125
Q

strength de training

A

strength and muscle mass relatively preserved for a few weeks then detraining
- neural adaptations preserved longer
- muscle atrophy occurs rapidly

126
Q

capillary density and strength training

A
  • incr hypertrophy = decr capillary density
127
Q

performance improvements

A
  • muscular strength
  • power
  • local muscular endurance
  • body composition
  • flexibilty
  • aerobic capacity
  • motor performance
128
Q

muscular adaptations

A
  1. fibre hypertrophy
    - type 2 > type 1
    - decr mito density
    - incr [glycogen]
    - incr CT
  2. fibre type transition:
    - incr type IIa, decr type IIx
  3. strength training leads to incr pennation angle
  4. explosive/sprint leads to incr length
129
Q

maintaining strength

A
  • maintenance program: reduce volume and freq but maintain intensity
  • tapering: reduced training volume in last few weeks before comp
130
Q

what is sports perf and what includes

A
  • the ability to perf
    includes:
  • technical skills at high speeds
  • pressure
  • fatigue
131
Q

what determines perf

A
132
Q

components of perf and related fitness

A
  • muscular power: force in short time, explosive movements
  • strength: maximal force at given speed
  • agility, quickness, speed: neuromuscular stop-start, direction change
  • coordination and balance: neuromuscular system to achieve defined motor patterns
  • flexibility: move joint thorough ROM
  • aerobic power: max rate of o2 consumption, more aerobic work, faster recovery
  • aerobic endurance: relative intensity of ex that an indiv can maintain for a time
  • aerobic capacity: specific to muscle group, sport specific, anaerobic threshold
133
Q

Needs (gap) analysis

A
  • where we are and where we want to be
  • involves a sport analysis
134
Q

steps for athlete programing

A
135
Q

how to design an effective training program

A
  • identification of training targets
  • identify essential elements
  • differentiate between necessary and nice
  • pay attention to magnitude, modality and details
  • modeling of perf characteristics
136
Q

how to analyze sport basic needs

A
  • research about the sport
  • observe practices and competitions
  • testing/monitoring/observing top athletes
  • are there commonalities to failure/injury/illness in the sport
137
Q

parts of perf analysis

A
138
Q

explain how demands require supply

A

takes systems out of equilibrium and challenge the body to return to homeostasis

139
Q

transitions across intensities (phases)

A
  1. phase 1: mild-mod intensity
    - dont deplete ATP quickly
    - low force contraction
    - recruitment needs are low - high % type I fibres
  2. phase 2: heavy intensity
    - power output incr
    - rate of ATP demands incr muscle power incr
    - recruit more type I fibres and incr % type II fibres
  3. phase 3: severe-extreme intensity
    - high power output
    - greater % type II fibres and glycolytic supply
    - anaerobic glycolysis
    - CHO and PCr fuel
140
Q

why does lactate accumulate

A
  • it must be removed: if LDH moved toward pyruvate formation in cytosol, it would require NAD
141
Q

when does lactate accumulate

A
  • lactate may be: converted back to pyruvate with LDH, uptaken into mito, transported from to blood to type I fibres/liver/brain/heart
  • skeletal muscle lactate (and H+) transported to blood via monocarboxylate transporter
142
Q

how does lactate accumulate

A
  • sum of metabolic byproduct accumulation (anaerobic gly) and metabolic byproduct removal/disappearance
  • [BLa] is associated with fatigue but does not cause it
143
Q

is the shift to aerobic gly d/t lack of o2

A

no
- PO2 of skeletal muscles does decline but is still above threshold for ATP synthesis
- La levels incr in muscles before decr in skeletal muscle PO2
- maximal contractions in hyperoxia dont incr PPO
- rate of ATP supplied by oxidative metabolism cant meet the demand of contractile muscle (NOT LACK OF O2)
- incr ex intensity –> greater recruitment of type II –> lower oxidative capacity

144
Q

phsyio responses to progressive ex

A
145
Q

anaerobic vs aerobic threshold

A
  • no true shift (both happen at all times)
  • dependent on substrate availability, hormones, previous activity, environment
    1. aerobic threshold (1st transition): below this- must train for long duration to incr fitness, above this- less use f fat as fuel
    2. anaerobic threshold (2nd transition): beyond- unable to maintain intensity for longer than an hour , hard to talk
146
Q

submaximal exercises

A
  • needs to achieve metabolic steady state: ATP supply is being met through aerobic system
  • initial activation of ATP-PCr and aerobic gly fills ATP gap until oxidative phosphorylation can meet energy demand (O2 deficit)
  • krebs cycle enzymes incr d/t slight decr in NADH/NAD and ATP/ADP ratios
  • small amount sof La released from contracting muscles at lower intensity (low [BLa])
  • PHD regulated by levels of acetyl-CoA, NADH, ATP
147
Q

maximal exercises

A
  • shift toward CHO metabolism as intensity incr d/t:
  • incr ATP turnover (changes ratios of NADH/NAD and ATP/ADP or AMP)
  • glycogen phosphorylase activated by incr plasma
148
Q

metabolism and high intensities

A
  • FA oxidation decr at 85% vo2 max but not between 65-85%
  • lipolytic rate remains high, adipose tissue decr
  • most ATP turnover d/t anaerobic gly
  • ast gly rate incr, cytosolic NAH accumulates
  • metabolites build up (ADP, Pi, H+, AMP, lactate)
  • skeletal muscle ATP levels remain stable

HES 201 (1 decks)

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