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Kper1500 Midterm 1 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Kinesiology

A

The study of movement
- human anatomy
- exercise physiology
- motor learning
- motor development
- psychology
- sociology
- history
- bio mechanics

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2
Q

Kinesiology degree

A
  • health and fitness
  • therapy and rehab
  • teaching and coaching
  • sports management and admin
  • medicine and medical science
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3
Q

Anterior

A

To the front

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4
Q

Posterior

A

Behind you

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5
Q

Superior

A

Top of body

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6
Q

Inferior

A

Bottom on body

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7
Q

Medial

A

Towards midline

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8
Q

Lateral

A

Away from midline

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9
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to point of origin
- used for limbs

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10
Q

Distal

A

Farther from point of origin
- used for limbs

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11
Q

Midsagittal/Median plane

A

Divides body into left and right halves

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12
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Parallel to median plane
- flexion and extension (forwards/backwards movements)

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13
Q

Frontal/coronal plane

A

Divides body into anterior and posterior movements
- abduction and abduction (jumping jacks)

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14
Q

Transverse plans

A

Divides body into superior and inferior sections (rotations)

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15
Q

Center of gravity

A
  • Center of mass
  • where all 3 planes intersect
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16
Q

Flexion

A

Reduces joint angle
- sagittal plane

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17
Q

Extension

A

Increases joint angle
- sagittal plane

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18
Q

Abduction

A

Away from midline
- frontal plane

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19
Q

Adduction

A

Towards midline
- frontal plane

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20
Q

Pronation

A

Palms face posterior
- transverse plane

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21
Q

Supination

A

Palms face anterior (holding a bowl of soup)
- transverse plane

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22
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Foot up, points toes towards you
- sagittal plane

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23
Q

Plantarfexion

A

Foot plans, pointing toes down
- sagittal plane

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24
Q

Inversion

A

Sole of foot turns in
- frontal plane

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25
Q

Eversion

A

Sole of foot turns out
- frontal plane

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26
Q

Medial/internal rotation

A

Moving towards midline
- transverse plane

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27
Q

Lateral/ external rotation

A

Moving away from midline
- transverse plane

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28
Q

Circumduction

A
  • big circle
  • not the same as rotation
  • doesn’t follow plane of movement
  • ex. Arm circles
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29
Q

Axial skeleton

A
  • part of your axis (midline)
  • supports, stabilizes and protects vital organs
  • ex. Skull, vertebrae, sacrum, sternum, ribs
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30
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A
  • bones that make up your limbs
  • responsible for a large portion of movement
  • upper body ex. clavicle, collar bone, scapula (pectoral girdle)
  • lower body ex. Pelvic girdle and all things distal to that (legs)
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31
Q

Short bones

A
  • shock absorbers
  • ex. Carpals (wrist), tarsals (foot)
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32
Q

Long bones

A
  • levers
  • ex. Femur (thigh), humerus (arm)
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33
Q

Flat bones

A
  • cover and protect organs
  • ex. Skull, scapula, ribs
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34
Q

Irregular bones

A

Special function
- ex. Facial bones, vertebrae

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35
Q

Sesamoid bones

A
  • change pressure and friction
  • develops within tendons, for mechanical advantage
  • ex. Patella (kneecap)
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36
Q

Bone tissue

A
  1. Compact/cortical (bone tissue without spaces, gives our bones strength)
  2. Spongy/cancellous (has holes, makes bones more lightweight so we can move, where bone marrow is stored)
    - some bones have both ex. Femur
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37
Q

Bone composition

A
  1. Calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate (gives bones strength)
  2. Collagen protein (gives our bones a bit of give/bendability to move)
  3. Water
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38
Q

Parts of the long bone

A

Growth plate
- calcifies into bone when you’re done growing
Periosteum
- covering around the bone, protects from infection
Diaphysis
- shaft (length)

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39
Q

T of F: The more active you are when you are young the stronger your bones will be as you age

A

True

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40
Q

Skeletal muscle

A
  • voluntary
  • responsible for movement
  • striated under a microscope
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41
Q

Cardiac muscle

A
  • associated with heart tissue
  • striated
  • branched
  • involuntary (can’t directly control it)
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42
Q

Smooth muscle

A
  • not striated
  • found in digestive system and blood vessels
  • involuntary
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43
Q

Tendons

A
  • exist between a muscle and a bone
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44
Q

Joints

A

-Point of union between 2 bones (when 2 bones come together)
- classified by the degree of movement, material that makes up the joint

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45
Q

Fibrous joint

A

-Made up of fibrous tissue
- non movable
- ex. Skull

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46
Q

Cartilaginous joint

A
  • made up of cartilage
  • intervertebral
  • allows some movement
  • ex. Inside the vertebrae
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47
Q

Synovial joints

A
  • most common joint in human body
  • freely moveable
  • bones are covered in articulated cartilage
  • bundled together by a joint capsule (wraps around 2 bones)
  • synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid (coats end of cartilage) (allows for movable joints)
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48
Q

Ligament

A
  • runs between 2 bones
  • attaches 2 bones together
  • limits movement, prevents unwanted movements
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49
Q

Joint movements

A

1) uniaxial- moves in one direction/plane ex. Elbow
2) biaxial- moves in 2 directions/planes ex. Wrist
3) multi-axial- moves in multiple directions/planes ex. Shoulder/hip joint

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50
Q

Synovial joints ( depends on shape)

A

1) Pivot- one bone rotates around one axis ex. Neck
2) gliding- bone surfaces involved are nearly flat and glide together ex. Acromioclavicular
3) hinge- like a doorway ex. Elbow
4) saddle- bones set together like sitting on a horse ex. Thumb
5) ball and socket- most moveable ex. Hip/shoulder
6) condyloid- no rotation, oval shaped ex. Knuckles

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51
Q

Skull bones

A

1) frontal= forehead
2) sphenoid= holds everything together
3) parietal= one on either side (upper skull)
4) temporal= one on either side (lower skull)
5) occipital= back of head

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52
Q

facial bones

A

1) lacrimal= on eyes, produce tears
2) nasal= not of nose
3) maxilla= upper teeth attach to this, left and right
4) zygomatic= cheek bones, one on either side
5) mandible= jaw

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53
Q

Facial muscles

A

1) orbicularis oculi= muscle around eyes, allows up to close our eyes
2) orbicularis oris= muscle around mouth, allows us to close mouth

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54
Q

Vertebral column

A

Made up of 33 vertebrae
- breakfast at 7 (cervical)
- lunch at 12 (thoracic)
- dinner at 5 (lumbar)
Sacrum= midline region of butt (5 fused vertebrae)
Coccyx= tail bone (3-4 fused vertebrae)

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55
Q

Ribs and sternum

A

12 pairs of flat bones (allow lungs to stay open so we can breathe)
- 1-7= true ribs (ribs join directly to sternum)
- 8-10= false ribs (indirectly attach to sternum (attach to cartilage above them)
- 11-12= floating ribs= don’t attach to sternum at all

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56
Q

T or F: muscles can only pull, not push

A

True

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57
Q

Neck and back muscles

A
  • head sits on vertebra (C1, atlas)
  • sternocleidomastoid (SCM)- pair of mucles that allow you to flex your head towards your chest and attaches to sternum, clavicle and cranium
  • Erector spinae- group of muscle from base to skull (some attach to ribs)
58
Q

Abdominal muscles

A

Attach:
- posteriorly to vertebral column, ribs and hip bone
- anteriorly to linea alba

59
Q

External obliques

A
  • attach to linea alba
  • grabs onto sternum
  • anterior and inferior
60
Q

Internal obliques

A
  • attach to linea alba
  • fan shape
  • smaller
  • assist external obliques
61
Q

rectus abdominis

A
  • attach from pubic bone
  • spiral flexion
  • upright
62
Q

Transverse abdominis

A
  • pulls belly in
  • doesn’t move the spine
63
Q

pectoral girdle

A
  • suspends upper limbs away from chest wall
  • collar bone (clavicle) keeps shoulders (scapula) from collapsing in
64
Q

Pectoralis major

A
  1. Clavicular head (attaches to humerus)
  2. Sternal head (attaches to humerus)
    - shoulder flexion and adduction
    - medial rotation
65
Q

Pectoralis minor

A
  • smaller muscle
  • located under Pectoralis major
  • attaches to scapula
  • runs between scapula and rib cage
  • doesn’t move shoulder joint
  • depress and stabilize scapula
66
Q

Serratus anterior

A
  • attaches to scapula (deep) and ribcage
  • does protraction (reaches further than normal)
67
Q

Trapezius

A
  • runs from scapula to vertebrae
    3 regions
    1. Upper- elevation (runs from scapula to cervical spine)
    2. Middle- retraction (runs from scapula to vertebrae)
    3. Lower- scapular depression
68
Q

Lavator scapulae

A
  • located deep under traps
  • elevates scapula
69
Q

Rhomboids (major and minor)

A
  • scapular retraction
  • think of both only as one group
70
Q

Latissimus Doris

A
  • major back muscle
  • attach to the front of the humerus
  • shoulder adduction and extension (also does medial rotation)
71
Q

Shoulder joints

A
  1. Sternoclavicular
  2. Acromioclavicular joint
72
Q

Rotator cuff muscles

A
  • Suprasinatus (abduction) (above spine of scapula)
  • Infraspinatus (external rotation) (below scapula spine)
  • Teres minor (external rotation (below spine of scapula)
  • Subscapularis (internal rotation) (below scapula and ribcage

Remember SITS!!
- holds head of humerus into its socket
- not a stable joint

73
Q

Lateral muscles

A
  • deltoid
  • anterior fibres (attach to clavicle) (flexion)
  • posterior fibres (attach to spine (extension and external rotation)
74
Q

Wrist bones

A
  • carpus (2 rows x 4 bones) (8 carpals)
  • proximal row= scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform
  • distal row= trapezium (by the thumb), trapezoid, capitate, hamate
75
Q

Hand bones

A
  • 5 metacarpals (joint distal wrist row)
  • 14 phalanges (digits) (joint metacarpals)
  • 3 phalanges per finger (proximal, middle, distal)
  • 2 phalanges per thumb (proximal and distal)
76
Q

Upper limb

A

Arm: shoulder-elbow (bone= humerus)
Forearm: elbow- wrist (bones= radius and ulna)
- joined by sheet of fibrous tissue

77
Q

Anterior muscles

A
  1. Coracobrachialis (shoulder flexion)
  2. Biceps branchii (elbow and shoulder flexion and supination)
    - 2 heads (long and short)
    - join together to create brachialis
  3. Brachialis (elbow flexion)
    - attaches to humerus and ulna
78
Q

Posterior muscles

A
  1. Triceps brachii (3 heads)
    - medial- arise from humerus
    - lateral- arise from humerus
    - long- attaches to scapular
79
Q

Forearm muscles

A
  1. flexor- pronation group (flexion and pronation)
    - come from medial epicodyle
  2. Extensor- supination group (extension and supination)
    - come from lateral epicondyle
80
Q

Hand muscles

A
  1. Thenar (palm) group- abducts thumb and its metacarpal
  2. Hypothenar- acts on pinky and its metacarpal

OPINATION= pinky and thumb touching together

81
Q

Shoulder joints

A

Sacrifice stability for mobility
1. Glenohumeral
2. Ball and socket joint

82
Q

Elbow joint

A
  • between humerus, ulna and radius
  • hinge joint (flexion and extension)
83
Q

Radioulnar joint

A
  • pivoting movement
  • pronation and supination)
84
Q

Wrist joints

A
  1. Radiocarpal (wrist comes in contact with proximal row of carpals)
  2. Intercarpal joints
    - carpometecarpal (saddle joint, between trapezium and thumb metacarpals)
85
Q

Hand joints

A
  • metecaprophalangeal (#1-5, thumb= 1)
  • interphalangeal (proximal and distal)
86
Q

Pelvic girdle

A
  • weight barrier
  • supports bladder and abdominal cavities
  • sacrifice mobility for stability
87
Q

Innominate bones

A
  1. Ilium (top hip bone)
  2. Pubis (pubic bone)
  3. Ischium (sit bone)
  • all 3 fuse together
  1. Acetabulum (head of femur articulates here)
  2. Iliopsoas (hip flexor)
    - psoas major and ilacus come down to common shared tendons
88
Q

Gluteal muscles

A

1) gluteus Maximus- major butt muscle
- does very powerful hip extension
- ex. Squats
- positioned posterior
2) gluteus medius/minimus- work together
- does hip abduction
- takes leg up and away from body
- positioned more lateral
- keeps pelvis level walking walking/ doing day to day activities

89
Q

Pelvis joints

A

1) pubic symphysis- cartilaginous joint
2) sacroiliac- compound joint
- left and right one
- between sacrum and ilium
- both stability and mobility
- posterior= fibrous
- anterior= synovial

90
Q

Lower limbs

A

1) thigh= hip- knee
2) leg= knee- ankle
3) ankle
4) foot

91
Q

Thigh bones

A

1) femur (long bone)
2) patella (kneecap)

92
Q

Leg bones

A
  • membrane between the 2 bones

1) tibia- shin bone, bears weight
2) fibula- shin bone (hard to feel), doesn’t bear weight, for muscle attachment, lateral to tibia

93
Q

Ankle bones

A

1) calcaneous- heel bone
2) talus- sits on top of calcaneous
3) navicular- top of foot (shaped like a boat)
4) cuboid
5) cuneiform- 3 bones (can be numbered or medial, inter-medial and lateral)

94
Q

Foot bones

A

1) 5 metatarsals (tarsals= foot)
2) 14 phalanges- toes

95
Q

Thigh muscles (anterior)

A
  • anterior
    Quadriceps femoris- 4 headed muscle on femur
    1) rectus femoris- anterior, attaches to ilium NOT femur (causes hip flexion)
    2) vastus lateralis- largest quad muscle, outside of leg
    3) vastus intermedius- underneath (can’t see)
    4) vastus medialis- inner quad
  • VASTUS= all 3 start at femur and attach to quadricep tendon (attaches to patella through tibula) and do knee extension
96
Q

Thigh muscles (medial)

A
  • adductors (bring leg against resistance and back to midline)
  • move from pubis bone to femur
    1) pectineus
    2) adductor longus
    3) adductor brevis
    4) adductor Magnus
    5) gracilis- crosses knee
97
Q

Thigh muscles (posterior)

A
  • hamstrings (do knee flexion and hip extension)
  • arise from sit bone
    1) biceps femoris- goes down to fibula (lateral)
  • tendon on back of knee
    2) semiteninosus (medial)
    3) semimembranosus (medial)
98
Q

Leg muscles (anterior)

A
  • tibialis anterior (dorsi flexor and foot inverter)
99
Q

Leg muscles (lateral)

A
  • fibularis longus (longer muscle)
  • fibularis brevis (shorter muscle)
  • both attach to ankle and do ankle eversion
100
Q

Leg muscles (posterior)

A
  • calf muscles
  • all join calcaneal tendon to calcaneous (Achilles)
  • superficial
    1) gastrocnemius- causes knee flexion
  • most superficial
  • crosses knee joint
  • by knee pit
    2) soleus- causes plantar flexion
  • crosses ankle joint
  • moves ankle
    3) plantaris
101
Q

Ligament

A

Between bone and bone

102
Q

Tendon

A

Between muscle and bone

103
Q

Foot muscles

A
  • 4 layers of intrinsic foot muscle
  • hold together structure of foot
104
Q

Hip joint

A
  • between hip bone cup and femur head
  • very stable ball and socket joint
105
Q

Knee joint

A
  • hinge joint
  • modified because it can be rotated
  • incredible range of motion
  • stable joint
  • an articulation between femur, tibia and patella
  • synovial joint- cup built for femur to sit in (deepens socket)

meniscus
- cartilage buildup
- creates stability
- medial and lateral (often injured together)

106
Q

Ankle joint

A
  • hinge joint

Talocrual joint- does dorsi flexion and plantar felxtion
- more stable

107
Q

Crucial

A

Cross

108
Q

Foot and toe joints

A

Subtalar (does inversion and eversion)
- between talus and calcaneus

109
Q

ACL

A

ACL tear= partial or complete ACL sprain
Causes:
- rapidly changing direction
- rapidly slowing down after running or landing
- collision

  • weaker and more likely to tear than PCL
  • complete tear requires replacement of the damaged ACL with strong, healthy tissue, usually taken from another area of your knee
110
Q

Muscle types

A

1) skeletal
- voluntary (we control it)
- response for movement
- striated under a microscope
2) cardiac
- associated with heart tissue
- striated
- branched
- involuntary (we can’t control it)
3) smooth
- not striated
- found in digestive system and blood vessels
- involuntary

111
Q

Skeletal muscle

A
  • formed by muscle fibres (cells), held together by connective tissues
  • attached to bone by bundles of collagen fibres called tendons
112
Q

Muscle contraction

A

Muscle fibres shortening, pulling on tendons and then tendons attaching to the bone creates movement of the limb

113
Q

Agonist

A
  • good
  • prime mover
  • muscle that generates main movement
114
Q

Antagonist

A
  • bad
  • goes against agonist
  • ex. Triceps need to relax to biceps can work to curl arm in
115
Q

Synergist

A
  • helper
  • ex. Shoulder press, deltoid anterior helps
116
Q

Fixators

A
  • stabilizers
  • locks other things in place
  • ex. Core (abs)
117
Q

Structure

A

1) muscle fibre bundle
- makes up muscle fibre
2) muscle belly
- attached to collagen fibre (tendon)
3) muscle fibre
- diameter of human hair
4) myofibrilis
- make up muscle fibre
- contain contractile protein
5) sacrolemma
- wrapped around muscle fibre

118
Q

Vascicle

A

Group of muscle fibres

119
Q

Muscle

A

Group of muscle fibres vascicles

120
Q

Sarcomere

A

The contractile unit of muscle organized longitudinally with myofibrilis

121
Q

Contractile proteins

A
  • microfilaments
  • sacromeres (actin and myosin)
  • muscles contract due to myosin pulling on actin
  • myosin head- grabs onto actin and pulls it along (sliding filament theory)
122
Q

Actin and myosin

A
  • line up to make skeletal muscle striated
  • actin= thin filaments
  • myosin= thick filaments
123
Q

Bands

A

A-band= myosin filaments (dark)
I- band= actin filaments (light)
- disappear during contraction

124
Q

Sliding filament theory

A

muscle contraction occurs due to actin sliding over myosin
- cross bridge formation
- myosin head is not attached to actin at rest

125
Q

Joint angles

A

1) optimal joint angle
- myosin and actin are lined up nicely
- actin can be grabbed easily
2) large joint angle
- fewer myosin can grab onto actin
- weaker
3) small joint angle
- fewer myosin can grab onto actin
- squished= less
- weaker

  • degree of force you can output= how easy cross bridge formation occurs
126
Q

Muscle fibres

A

fast twitch and slow twitch
- good at different tasks
- every muscle has both, makes up muscle
- 50/50 in regular people
- can’t change from one to the other

127
Q

Slow twitch muscle fibres

A
  • contract slower
  • can’t produce as much force
  • fatigue resistant (wont get tired as quickly)
  • lots of blood flow (lots of capillaries go to use)
  • rely lots of aerobic system
  • smaller
  • used for posture and activities of long duration
  • red under a microscope
  • endurance athletes may have more and are smaller because they use slow twitch muscle fibres more
128
Q

fast twitch muscle fibres

A
  • muscle fibre twitcher quickly
  • generates force
  • very powerful
  • larger
  • hypertrophy more
  • fatigue quickly
  • don’t use aerobic system
  • anaerobic (don’t use as much oxygen)
  • white in colour
  • weightlifters are bigger since fast twitch muscle fibres are used more and can grow
129
Q

Muscle biopsy

A

A tiny piece of muscle is removed and analyzed under a microscope

130
Q

Motor unit

A
  • functional nerves of muscle
  • motor neuron leaves central system and goes to peripheral
  • very precise and specific
  • only activates as many as you need to do something
  • activate smaller motor units first, then larger ones
  • between alpha motor neuron and muscle fibres
  • only 1 motor neuron activates many muscle fibres
131
Q

All or none principle

A

All muscle fibres that make up a single motor unit will contract maximally if the magnitude is reached

132
Q

Activation threshold

A
  • every motor unit has a specific threshold that must be reached for activation
  • enough energy for it to activate
  • resistance training
  • larger motor units= larger activation threshold
133
Q

End plate

A

Once reached, neurotransmitters are released and activate muscles

134
Q

Intramuscular coordination

A

Capacity to activate different motor units simultaneously
- muscle fibres fire at the same time (trained athletes= 85% fire at the same time and fire more, untrained individuals= 60% fire at the same time and fire less)
- capacity to activate different muscle to produce movement ex. Glutes (stabilizer) during pushups
- analogy: tug of war (pulling at the same time or at different times)

135
Q

Muscle adaption to strength training

A

Training can increase how frequently muscle fibres can fire
- can’t change slow twitch to fast twitch but you can train one or the other

136
Q

Static action

A

Isometric
- iso= same
- metric= length
Static= still ex. Plank

  • generate force with no movement
  • only strengthens at joint angle you are training
137
Q

Dynamic action

A

Dynamic= movement

external force (object + weight) + internal force (muscle force)= movement

  • generating more force than resistor force
138
Q

Concentric action

A
  • muscle shortens
  • only 1/2 movement
  • muscle generates more force than resisting force
139
Q

Eccentric action

A
  • muscle is lengthening
  • other 1/2 of movement
  • generates less force than resisting force
  • what makes muscles sore 24-48h later
140
Q

Isokinetic action

A

Iso= same
Kinetic= motion

  • requires special equipment to control speed of movement throughout entire range of motion
  • can overload muscle regardless of joint angle
141
Q

Polymetric action

A
  • fast, sudden eccentric loading and muscle stretching followed quickly by a string concentric contraction ex. Bouncing/ jumping
  • all done very rapidly
  • activates a stretch reflex and utilizes elasticity of a muscle
  • most sports use plyometric action
142
Q

Joint angle

A
  • different muscle pulling efficiency and strength production
  • how much force we create
  • strongest at 90-100 degree angle (provides most stability for cross bridge formation)

Kper1500 Midterm 1 (1 decks)

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