Midterm 1 Flashcards
Name the 3 types of acid controlling drugs
antacids, h2 receptors, proton pump inhibitors
What do antacids do?
Buffer/neutralize HCL by preventing histamine from binding to parietal cells
What are the types of antacids?
aluminum, magnesium, calcium, sodium bicarb, combo
What do H2 receptor antagonists do?
increases stomach ph, urinary ph, and competitively blocks histamine receptors on parietal cells
what do proton pump inhibitors do?
irreversibly bind to hydrogen, potassium, ATPase which blocks all gastric secretion
What are the types of laxatives?
bulk forming, emollient, saline, hyperosmotic, stimulant
What do bulk forming laxatives do?
add bulk and water to the bowel which distends the bowel and causes movement
What do emollient laxatives do?
stool softener and lubricates the bowel
What do hyperosmotic laxatives do?
increase water content leading to distended bowel and then bowel movement
What are saline laxatives?
Increase osmotic pressure, and bring in water distending the bowel and causing movement
What are stimulant laxatives?
increase peristalsis by intestinal nerve stimulation
What are the 3 antidiarrheal drugs?
adsorbents, antimotility, and probiotics
What do adsorbents do?
Coat walls of GI, bind to cause of diarrhea then eliminates it through stool (pepto)
What are antimotility drugs?
slows peristalsis, dries stool, decrease gastric secretion, reduce pain.
What are the 2 forms of antimotility drugs?
anticholinergics or opioids
What are probiotics?
giving good bacteria to reestablish intestinal flora
What are the 6 antiemetic/ antinausea drugs?
anticholinergics, antihistamines, anti-dopaminergic, prokinetic, serotonin blocking, and tetrahydrocannabinol
How do anticholinergics work?
prevent acetylcholine from reaching receptors in the ear
How do antihistamines work?
block histamine which then blocks acetylcholine from reaching receptors
How do anti-dopaminergics work?
blocks dopamine receptors in CTZ, calms the CNS
How do prokinetic drugs work?
blocks dopamine receptors, promotes gastric emptying
How do serotonin blocking drugs work?
block serotonin in CTZ and vomiting center
How do Tetrahydrocannabinols work?
uknown, inhibits something. Used to treat chemo pts
What are the 2 types of nutritional supplements?
enteral and parenteral
What is enteral nutrition?
Oral supplementation or feeding tubes – need a functioning GI tract
What are the types of enteral nutrition?
elemental, polymeric, carb modular, protein mod, amino acid modular.
What is parenteral nutrition?
Nutrition provided straight to circulation and bypasses the GI tract
What are the 2 types of parenteral nutrition?
Partial parenteral nutrition, total parenteral nutrition
What diabetic drugs do you use for type 1 diabetes?
insulin
What are the 8 diabetic drugs you give for type 2 diabetes?
biguanide, sulfonylurea, glinides, TZD, A glucosidase inhibitors, DDP 4 Inhibitors, Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, incretin mimetic
What do biguanides do?
increase insulin receptor sensitivity, decrease glucose production
(metformin)
What do sulfonylureas do?
bind to receptors on beta cells and stimulate release of insulin
What do Glinides do?
increase secretion of insulin
Given at every meal and short acting
What do TZDs do?
Increase insulin receptor sensitivity, stimulate glucose uptake.
What do a-glucosidase inhibitors do?
inhibit a glucosidase enzyme which then delays glucose absorption and slows it down
MUST TAKE WITH FOOD
What do DDP-4 inhibitors do?
inhibits DDP4 which delays breakdown in incretin meaning satiety lasts longer, gastric emptying slows, longer insulin secretion, reduction in glucose production
What do sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors do?
blocks tubular reabsorption of glucose = glycosuria and lower BGL. Can cause UTIs
What do incretin mimics do?
gives more incretin = reduction in glucose production, more insulin secretion, slows gastric emptying, increases satiety
What are the 3 pituitary drugs?
somatriptin, octreotide acetate, vasopressin
What 2 drugs are related to the anterior pituitary?
Octreotide and somatriptin
What does somatriptin do?
mimics GH, stimulates growth, increases protein synthesis
what does octreotide acetate do?
GH antagonist, used to treat pituitary tumors that are hypersecreting GH
What does Vasopressin do?
Mimics ADH so it increases water reabsorption in distal tubules. Controls polydipsia, polyuria, dehydration, and blood disorders
What are the thyroid replacement drugs and what do they do?
levothyroxine (Synthroid), treats hypothyroidism, changes metabolic rate, increases 02 consumption, increases body temp, increases blood volume, increases cardiac output. Stimulates production of T3 and T4
What are the 3 antithyroid treatments?
thiamazole & propylthiouracil, radioactive iodine, and thyroidectomy.
What does thiamazole do?
inhibits iodine from turning into tyrosine which you need to make T3 and T4
What does propylthiouracil do?
inhibits iodine from turning into tyrosine which you need to make T3 and T4
What does radioactive iodine do?
destroys the thyroid gland through ablation – emits destructive beta rays that destroys thyroid cells
What is a thyroidectomy?
removal or part or all of the thyroid
What are the drugs associated with the adrenal cortex?
glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids
What are glucucorticoids?
Catabolism of proteins, redistribution of fats, Ant inflammatory actions (stabilizes cell membranes of lysosomes, decreases WBC mitigation, stimulates RBC production), decreases stress
What do mineralocorticoids do?
regulates sodium, potassium, and water content in the body through aldosterone levels. Aldosterone maintains levels of sodium which is withheld from the urine to be circulated again, but at the cost of potassium and hydrogen ions.
What are glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids?
steroids
What are the drugs/hormones associated with the adrenal medulla?
catecholamines: epi, norepi, dopamine
What does epinephrine do?
dilate and expand the bronchioles, raise BP, raise HR, raise BGL to provide more energy
What does norepi do?
everything epi does except dilate bronchioles
What does dopamine do?
influences emotional state
